Brunei, officially known as Brunei Darussalam, is a small sultanate of roughly half a million residents located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Its two non-contiguous parts are entirely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Brunei also has maritime boundaries based on historical British colonial agreements. Brunei’s energy consumption is primarily driven by its abundant reserves of crude oil and gas, which account for the majority of its total exports and over half its per capita GDP. However, these resources are depleting. To cope, the country has established a 1.2 MW solar power plant and is exploring connections to a trans-Borneo electricity grid. As of 2026 the country does not produce green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.