Uganda’s energy mix is heavily dominated by biomass, which accounts for roughly 89–94% of total energy consumption, primarily used for cooking in residential and industrial sectors. While biomass is the largest, the electricity sector is predominantly fueled by hydropower, which provides over 80% of generation capacity. Oil products account for about 8–9% of the supply.

Uganda is actively developing a green hydrogen economy, anchored by a $400 million partnership with Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) Kenya and Norwegian Westgass Internasjonal to build a green fertilizer plant in Karuma. Leveraging the 600MW Karuma Hydropower Plant, the project aims to produce 200,000 tons of green fertilizer annually, reducing import dependence and emissions.