Estonia has achieved a notable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions thanks mainly to lowering its reliance on electricity generation from domestic oil shale, an energy rich sedimentary rock. However, oil shale remains the main energy source and imported fossil fuels still plan a major role, especially in transport. Estonia’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. Estonia is aiming to accelerate its clean energy transition with a target to cover 100% of annual electricity demand with renewables by 2030 as part of a larger package to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Estonia is developing the world’s first nationwide “hydrogen valley” to produce, store, and utilize green hydrogen, aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2030. The initiative aims to move from 1 ton of hydrogen production in 2025 to 2,031 tons by 2028.