Uzbekistan’s energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, with natural gas accounting for approximately 82-86% of electricity generation and total primary energy supply as of 2023-2024. The country is rapidly transitioning, aiming for 30% renewable electricity by 2030 (including solar, wind, and hydro) to diversify away from aging gas infrastructure.

Uzbekistan is rapidly advancing its green hydrogen sector, aiming to produce 3,000 tons annually starting in 2025, with a major $88 million pilot project in the Tashkent region led by Saudi Arabia’s ACWA Power. Supported by extensive solar and wind resources, the country aims to decarbonize industry, specifically targeting ammonia-based fertilizer production, while reducing reliance on natural gas. The next phase involves using this hydrogen to produce up to 500,000 tons of green ammonia per year. The project includes a 52 MW wind farm to power the electrolysis, with plans for much larger, gigawatt-scale, renewable energy projects.

International cooperation includes ACWA Power, PowerChina, and initiatives to build local green hydrogen expertise.

Uruguay has achieved an extraordinary energy transition, with over 98-99% of its electricity generation now derived from renewable sources as of 2024-2025. The electricity mix is primarily driven by hydropower (approx. 40-42%), wind (28-38%), and biomass (20-26%), with solar contributing about 3-4%. This shift from fossil fuels enables significant energy export.

Uruguay is rapidly positioning itself as a leader in green hydrogen, aiming to become a top global exporter by 2040 using its 98%+ renewable electricity grid. Driven by projects like the Kahirós initiative (launched 2025), the country targets 1 million tons of production annually by 2040, supported by significant EU-backed investment and a focus on decarbonizing heavy transport.

The United States energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 83%–84% of total primary energy consumption in 2023. While natural gas and renewables are growing, petroleum remains the most consumed single source, primarily due to its dominance in the transportation sector.

The U.S. is rapidly scaling its green hydrogen industry, with 14+ major projects aiming for operation by 2030 and a goal to produce over 10 million metric tons annually by 2032. Supported by $8 billion in Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding and Inflation Reduction Act tax credits, key projects are concentrated in Texas, Louisiana, and California, focusing on industrial, transportation, and energy storage applications.

Green hydrogen, made via electrolysis with renewable electricity, is transitioning from pilot to industrial-scale projects, with 76+ projects in development over the next five years. The Department of Energy (DOE) announced seven Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs (H2Hubs) to accelerate production. Major projects are, or will be, located in California, Louisiana, Alabama, and Texas. The 2023 National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap aims to reduce costs to $1 per 1 kilogram in one decade. The IRA offers tax credits up to $3 per kg for meeting strict emission standards.

White hydrogen: Active exploration and projects are underway, with significant potential reported in areas like Kansas.

The United Kingdom’s energy mix has undergone a historic transformation, marked by the complete phase-out of coal-fired electricity in September 2024. As of early 2026, the electricity sector is dominated by zero-carbon sources, while the broader total energy supply (which includes heating and transport) remains heavily reliant on natural gas and oil.

The UK is rapidly developing a green hydrogen economy to meet its net-zero 2050 target, aiming for 10 GW of low-carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030, with a strong focus on electrolytic (green) hydrogen. Key projects include industrial-scale production in Tees Valley, Aberdeen, and the North West to decarbonize heavy transport, industry, and power.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is actively diversifying its energy mix, moving from 90%+ fossil fuel reliance toward cleaner sources, with natural gas still dominating at roughly 60% of total energy supply in 2023. The nation is integrating significant nuclear (approaching 20% of electricity) and solar energy to meet targets for 2050.

The United Arab Emirates is rapidly establishing itself as a global leader in green hydrogen, aiming for 1.4 million tons of annual low carbon/green hydrogen production by 2030-2031. Backed by the National Hydrogen Strategy 2050, the UAE is investing in solar-powered electrolysis projects via Masdar to fuel local industry and export to Europe and Asia.

Note: as of May 27, 2026, the UAE energy information website was offline.

As of 2023-2024, Ukraine’s energy mix is dominated by nuclear power (roughly 50-55% of electricity generation), followed by significant contributions from coal, hydropower, and increasing, yet vulnerable, renewable sources.

Ukraine is strategically positioned to become a major supplier of green hydrogen to the European Union, leveraging its vast renewable energy potential and existing pipeline infrastructure. Despite the ongoing war, the country is advancing projects and regulatory frameworks to integrate into the European hydrogen economy.

Ukraine has a technical potential to produce up to 44.96 million tons of renewable hydrogen annually. Under the European Green Deal, Ukraine is a priority partner for the “2×40 GW” initiative, which envisions 10 GW of electrolysis capacity in Ukraine by 2030. A fully developed domestic hydrogen economy could generate up to $22 billion in annual revenue and create over 100,000 jobs.

As of February 2026, there’s no information indicating that Ukraine is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Uganda’s energy mix is heavily dominated by biomass, which accounts for roughly 89–94% of total energy consumption, primarily used for cooking in residential and industrial sectors. While biomass is the largest, the electricity sector is predominantly fueled by hydropower, which provides over 80% of generation capacity. Oil products account for about 8–9% of the supply.

Uganda is actively developing a green hydrogen economy, anchored by a $400 million partnership with Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) Kenya and Norwegian Westgass Internasjonal to build a green fertilizer plant in Karuma. Leveraging the 600MW Karuma Hydropower Plant, the project aims to produce 200,000 tons of green fertilizer annually, reducing import dependence and emissions.

Tuvalu’s energy mix is heavily reliant on imported petroleum, which accounted for approximately 96% of the country’s total energy supply in 2021, with solar and other renewable energy sources providing the remaining 4%. While diesel generators currently dominate, the country is actively working to transition to 100% renewable energy, with significant solar PV initiatives, particularly on outer islands.

Tuvalu is exploring green hydrogen as a key strategic pathway to achieve 100% renewable energy, aiming to eliminate fossil fuel dependency and enhance energy security. As a low-lying nation facing existential climate threats, this initiative aligns with its 2025 goals for total renewable energy and long-term adaptation.

Turkmenistan’s energy mix is almost exclusively dominated by natural gas, which constitutes over 75% of total primary energy supply and nearly 100% of electricity generation. As a major global gas exporter with the world’s fourth-largest reserves, the nation has a negligible share of renewables (roughly 0.02% hydropower).

Turkmenistan is positioning itself for a sustainable energy transition by exploring green hydrogen production, aiming to diversify its fossil fuel-dependent economy. With high solar potential (2500-3000 hours annually), the nation is developing, in collaboration with international partners, pilot projects for green hydrogen and exploring hydrogen technologies, focusing on renewable energy integration.

With abundant solar resources, there is a focus on using solar energy to power water electrolysis for green hydrogen. A pilot project for green hydrogen generation using a 100 MW photovoltaic station has been proposed, with potential to produce over 2,300 tons of green hydrogen annually.

Turkey’s energy mix is rapidly diversifying, with a 2024 installed capacity of 112–120 GW driven by significant growth in renewables (44-46% of generation) alongside a heavy, import-dependent reliance on coal and natural gas. Key sources include roughly 27% hydro, 19-20% solar/wind, 18-26% coal, and 21% natural gas, with nuclear from the Akkuyu plant set to add 10% capacity.

Türkiye is positioning itself as a regional hub for green hydrogen, aiming for 2 GW of electrolyzer capacity by 2030, 5 GW by 2035, and 70 GW by 2053, driven by massive onshore/offshore wind and hydro potential. The country is developing “hydrogen valleys” to decarbonize heavy industries like steel and chemicals.

The national strategy sets capacity targets of 2 GW (2030), 5 GW (2035), and 70 GW (2053) to support net-zero goals. Green hydrogen will be used to replace imports in ammonia and methanol production, as well as to power the steel, cement, and transportation sectors.