Tunisia’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with over 95% of electricity generated from natural gas as of 2023–2024. The country faces an energy deficit, importing nearly 48% of its total energy needs, primarily from Algeria. While renewables (solar/wind) are growing, they represent a small fraction of the current mix, despite high potential.

Tunisia is positioning itself as a central hub for the Mediterranean’s green hydrogen economy, with a national strategy aiming to produce 8.3 million tons of green hydrogen and its derivatives annually by 2050. The country plans to export approximately 6 million tons of this production to Europe, leveraging its high solar and wind potential.

Trinidad and Tobago’s energy mix is almost entirely dominated by natural gas, which accounted for approximately 92.6% to 93.2% of the total energy supply in 2021-2023. Electricity generation relies almost exclusively on natural gas. The country is the Caribbean’s largest oil and gas producer, with minimal renewable energy integration.

Trinidad and Tobago is actively transitioning its petrochemical-heavy economy toward green hydrogen to reduce carbon emissions and maintain its status as a regional energy leader. The country is pursuing a 2022 Green Hydrogen roadmap, utilizing its existing industrial base in Point Lisas and developing potential, with pilot projects already underway, aiming to produce green ammonia and methanol.

The government has launched its first green hydrogen pilot project, supported by international partnerships, to demonstrate viability. The existing Point Lisas Industrial Estate provides a unique, ready-made infrastructure for producing, using, and exporting green hydrogen and its derivatives.

A Green Hydrogen Centre of Excellence is being established in partnership with Niterra Co., Ltd. and Kenesjay Green Limited to develop new, highly efficient, ceramic-based electrolyzer technology.

Tonga’s energy mix is dominated by imported fossil fuels, which account for approximately 85–90% of total electricity generation as of early 2024. While the country has made strides in integrating renewable sources—primarily solar and wind—they currently contribute roughly 14–17% to the electricity mix.

Tonga is exploring green hydrogen as a key component in its transition toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient energy system, aiming to move away from fossil fuels. Feasibility studies indicate that hydrogen, produced via renewable-powered electrolysis, can provide viable long-term energy storage, improve grid stability, and help decarbonize the Pacific island nation.

Togo’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on biomass for primary energy and natural gas for domestic electricity generation. As of 2023–2024, biomass and waste account for approximately 82% of the total primary energy supply, while natural gas generates roughly 73% of the country’s electricity.

Togo is exploring green hydrogen, with studies highlighting a significant potential for production, particularly from agricultural biomass in its coastal regions. The country possesses, on average, 31.35 Gt of potential in its coastal zone, which is equivalent to 1235.37 GWh, while biomass, solar, and wind resources offer pathways to green hydrogen production.

Green hydrogen in the region is viewed as a future component for green ammonia, fertilizer, and transportation.

Thailand’s energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which powers more than half of the country’s electricity. As of 2024, fossil fuels accounted for approximately 85% of Thailand’s electricity generation.

Thailand is actively developing its green hydrogen sector to achieve net-zero goals by 2050, focusing on producing hydrogen via electrolysis from solar and wind for industry and transport, with widespread usage projected by 2045. Key initiatives include blending 5% hydrogen with natural gas, developing industrial estate applications, and establishing pilot projects like the $4.5Bn green hydrogen/ammonia hub.

• Key Projects and Collaborations:
  • Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is conducting pilot projects, including storing wind energy as hydrogen at the Lam Takhong Learning Center.
  • A $4.5 billion green hydrogen and ammonia hub is being planned for Thailand.
  • BIG (Bangkok Industrial Gas) and RATCH Group are collaborating on green hydrogen production using renewable energy.
  • A pilot program is underway for hydrogen-powered transportation from U-Tapao Airport.

Tanzania’s energy mix is dominated by biomass (approx. 76% of total primary energy) for cooking and heating, while electricity generation relies heavily on natural gas (approx. 48–65%) and hydropower (approx. 31–36%). The country faces power shortages due to drought-induced low water levels, prompting a shift toward gas, with emerging investments in solar and wind.

Tanzania is emerging as a potential hub for green hydrogen in East Africa, leveraging its extensive renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) and strategic coastal location to produce zero-emission fuel. Key initiatives include partnerships for maritime fuel, industrial decarbonization, and potential, major export projects, aligning with Tanzania’s Vision 2050.

Unlike some countries focusing solely on export, Tanzania is modeling green hydrogen to decarbonize its own industrial and transport sectors, using synthetic fuels to replace fossil-based options.

Tajikistan’s energy mix is dominated by hydropower, which produces over 90-94% of the country’s electricity, making it one of the world’s cleanest electricity generators. The remaining electricity is generated from coal (roughly 4-7%) and natural gas. While renewable-heavy, the system faces seasonal shortages in winter, causing increased reliance on coal-fired generation during those months.

Tajikistan plans to produce 1 million metric tons of green hydrogen annually by 2040, utilizing its abundant hydropower resources to meet domestic demand and export to neighboring Central Asian nations. The strategy, targeting 500,000 tons by 2030, aims to diversify energy sources, reduce reliance on oil imports, and transition toward a green economy.

Syria’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with over 95% of electricity generated from oil and natural gas as of 2022. The sector, severely impacted by conflict, relies on declining domestic production and imports, with limited, yet growing, contributions from hydropower and solar power.

Syria is gradually exploring renewable energy to diversify its power sector, with recent initiatives focusing on solar and wind, laying a foundation for potential future green hydrogen production. Key developments include a 100 MW solar plant in Damascus and agreements for 500 MW of renewable energy projects.

Switzerland’s electricity generation is over 98% low-carbon, primarily driven by hydropower (approx. 60–62%) and nuclear power (approx. 29%). While the electricity sector is nearly fossil-free, the overall energy mix still relies heavily on oil products and natural gas for heating and transport. The country is transitioning to renewables, with solar energy contributing around 9% of power.

Switzerland is actively developing a green hydrogen economy to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, focusing on producing hydrogen via hydroelectricity for heavy transport and industrial use. The nation’s largest green hydrogen plant (2.5 MW) began operations in April 2024 in Domat/Ems, capable of producing 350 tonnes annually to replace diesel fuel.

Sweden’s electricity production is nearly 99% low-carbon, relying primarily on a mix of hydroelectric (approx. 38-40%) and nuclear (29%) power as of 2024-2025. Wind power is the fastest-growing source, contributing over 20-25% to the grid. The country aims for a 100% renewable or fossil-free electricity system by 2040, featuring high energy efficiency.

Sweden is currently a global leader in the green hydrogen transition, leveraging its 99% low-carbon electricity grid to decarbonize heavy industries. The nation’s strategy focuses on transforming “hard-to-abate” sectors, specifically steel manufacturing, and establishing regional “Hydrogen Valleys.”

Key Industrial Projects:

• Stegra (formerly H2 Green Steel): Building a giga-scale plant in Boden featuring a 740 MW electrolyzer. It aims to produce near-zero emission steel by 2026, using hydrogen to replace coal in the iron ore reduction process.
• HYBRIT: A joint venture between SSAB, LKAB, and Vattenfall. It delivered the world’s first fossil-free steel to Volvo in 2021 and is currently testing a unique 100-cubic-meter underground hydrogen storage facility in Luleå to manage energy costs.
• Ovako: In September 2023, Ovako inaugurated the world’s first plant for using fossil-free hydrogen to heat steel before rolling at its Hofors works.
• Liquid Wind: Developing facilities in Örnsköldsvik and Umeå to convert green hydrogen and biogenic $$ into e-methanol for shipping and aviation.

Sweden recently launched the High Coast to West Coast Hydrogen Valley (HiWhyV), an EU-funded initiative involving 45 partners.

• Objective: To link production hubs in Western Sweden with industrial users in Västernorrland.
• Production Goal: At least 4,000 tonnes of renewable hydrogen by 2030.
• Integration: Projects like the one in Trollhättan plan to feed waste heat from hydrogen production into the city’s district heating network for maximum efficiency.

Emerging Research & Export Potential

• Scientific Breakthrough: In 2025, Swedish researchers reported a catalyst-based breakthrough capable of boosting green hydrogen production efficiency by 800%.
• Export Hub: Due to low electricity prices in northern Sweden, the country is positioned to become a major exporter of hydrogen to the rest of Europe via carriers like ammonia or liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC).