Uganda’s energy mix is heavily dominated by biomass, which accounts for roughly 89–94% of total energy consumption, primarily used for cooking in residential and industrial sectors. While biomass is the largest, the electricity sector is predominantly fueled by hydropower, which provides over 80% of generation capacity. Oil products account for about 8–9% of the supply.

Uganda is actively developing a green hydrogen economy, anchored by a $400 million partnership with Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) Kenya and Norwegian Westgass Internasjonal to build a green fertilizer plant in Karuma. Leveraging the 600MW Karuma Hydropower Plant, the project aims to produce 200,000 tons of green fertilizer annually, reducing import dependence and emissions.

Tuvalu’s energy mix is heavily reliant on imported petroleum, which accounted for approximately 96% of the country’s total energy supply in 2021, with solar and other renewable energy sources providing the remaining 4%. While diesel generators currently dominate, the country is actively working to transition to 100% renewable energy, with significant solar PV initiatives, particularly on outer islands.

Tuvalu is exploring green hydrogen as a key strategic pathway to achieve 100% renewable energy, aiming to eliminate fossil fuel dependency and enhance energy security. As a low-lying nation facing existential climate threats, this initiative aligns with its 2025 goals for total renewable energy and long-term adaptation.

Turkmenistan’s energy mix is almost exclusively dominated by natural gas, which constitutes over 75% of total primary energy supply and nearly 100% of electricity generation. As a major global gas exporter with the world’s fourth-largest reserves, the nation has a negligible share of renewables (roughly 0.02% hydropower).

Turkmenistan is positioning itself for a sustainable energy transition by exploring green hydrogen production, aiming to diversify its fossil fuel-dependent economy. With high solar potential (2500-3000 hours annually), the nation is developing, in collaboration with international partners, pilot projects for green hydrogen and exploring hydrogen technologies, focusing on renewable energy integration.

With abundant solar resources, there is a focus on using solar energy to power water electrolysis for green hydrogen. A pilot project for green hydrogen generation using a 100 MW photovoltaic station has been proposed, with potential to produce over 2,300 tons of green hydrogen annually.

Turkey’s energy mix is rapidly diversifying, with a 2024 installed capacity of 112–120 GW driven by significant growth in renewables (44-46% of generation) alongside a heavy, import-dependent reliance on coal and natural gas. Key sources include roughly 27% hydro, 19-20% solar/wind, 18-26% coal, and 21% natural gas, with nuclear from the Akkuyu plant set to add 10% capacity.

Türkiye is positioning itself as a regional hub for green hydrogen, aiming for 2 GW of electrolyzer capacity by 2030, 5 GW by 2035, and 70 GW by 2053, driven by massive onshore/offshore wind and hydro potential. The country is developing “hydrogen valleys” to decarbonize heavy industries like steel and chemicals.

The national strategy sets capacity targets of 2 GW (2030), 5 GW (2035), and 70 GW (2053) to support net-zero goals. Green hydrogen will be used to replace imports in ammonia and methanol production, as well as to power the steel, cement, and transportation sectors.

Tunisia’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with over 95% of electricity generated from natural gas as of 2023–2024. The country faces an energy deficit, importing nearly 48% of its total energy needs, primarily from Algeria. While renewables (solar/wind) are growing, they represent a small fraction of the current mix, despite high potential.

Tunisia is positioning itself as a central hub for the Mediterranean’s green hydrogen economy, with a national strategy aiming to produce 8.3 million tons of green hydrogen and its derivatives annually by 2050. The country plans to export approximately 6 million tons of this production to Europe, leveraging its high solar and wind potential.

Trinidad and Tobago’s energy mix is almost entirely dominated by natural gas, which accounted for approximately 92.6% to 93.2% of the total energy supply in 2021-2023. Electricity generation relies almost exclusively on natural gas. The country is the Caribbean’s largest oil and gas producer, with minimal renewable energy integration.

Trinidad and Tobago is actively transitioning its petrochemical-heavy economy toward green hydrogen to reduce carbon emissions and maintain its status as a regional energy leader. The country is pursuing a 2022 Green Hydrogen roadmap, utilizing its existing industrial base in Point Lisas and developing potential, with pilot projects already underway, aiming to produce green ammonia and methanol.

The government has launched its first green hydrogen pilot project, supported by international partnerships, to demonstrate viability. The existing Point Lisas Industrial Estate provides a unique, ready-made infrastructure for producing, using, and exporting green hydrogen and its derivatives.

A Green Hydrogen Centre of Excellence is being established in partnership with Niterra Co., Ltd. and Kenesjay Green Limited to develop new, highly efficient, ceramic-based electrolyzer technology.

Tonga’s energy mix is dominated by imported fossil fuels, which account for approximately 85–90% of total electricity generation as of early 2024. While the country has made strides in integrating renewable sources—primarily solar and wind—they currently contribute roughly 14–17% to the electricity mix.

Tonga is exploring green hydrogen as a key component in its transition toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient energy system, aiming to move away from fossil fuels. Feasibility studies indicate that hydrogen, produced via renewable-powered electrolysis, can provide viable long-term energy storage, improve grid stability, and help decarbonize the Pacific island nation.

Togo’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on biomass for primary energy and natural gas for domestic electricity generation. As of 2023–2024, biomass and waste account for approximately 82% of the total primary energy supply, while natural gas generates roughly 73% of the country’s electricity.

Togo is exploring green hydrogen, with studies highlighting a significant potential for production, particularly from agricultural biomass in its coastal regions. The country possesses, on average, 31.35 Gt of potential in its coastal zone, which is equivalent to 1235.37 GWh, while biomass, solar, and wind resources offer pathways to green hydrogen production.

Green hydrogen in the region is viewed as a future component for green ammonia, fertilizer, and transportation.

Thailand’s energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which powers more than half of the country’s electricity. As of 2024, fossil fuels accounted for approximately 85% of Thailand’s electricity generation.

Thailand is actively developing its green hydrogen sector to achieve net-zero goals by 2050, focusing on producing hydrogen via electrolysis from solar and wind for industry and transport, with widespread usage projected by 2045. Key initiatives include blending 5% hydrogen with natural gas, developing industrial estate applications, and establishing pilot projects like the $4.5Bn green hydrogen/ammonia hub.

• Key Projects and Collaborations:
  • Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is conducting pilot projects, including storing wind energy as hydrogen at the Lam Takhong Learning Center.
  • A $4.5 billion green hydrogen and ammonia hub is being planned for Thailand.
  • BIG (Bangkok Industrial Gas) and RATCH Group are collaborating on green hydrogen production using renewable energy.
  • A pilot program is underway for hydrogen-powered transportation from U-Tapao Airport.

Tanzania’s energy mix is dominated by biomass (approx. 76% of total primary energy) for cooking and heating, while electricity generation relies heavily on natural gas (approx. 48–65%) and hydropower (approx. 31–36%). The country faces power shortages due to drought-induced low water levels, prompting a shift toward gas, with emerging investments in solar and wind.

Tanzania is emerging as a potential hub for green hydrogen in East Africa, leveraging its extensive renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) and strategic coastal location to produce zero-emission fuel. Key initiatives include partnerships for maritime fuel, industrial decarbonization, and potential, major export projects, aligning with Tanzania’s Vision 2050.

Unlike some countries focusing solely on export, Tanzania is modeling green hydrogen to decarbonize its own industrial and transport sectors, using synthetic fuels to replace fossil-based options.