Tajikistan’s energy mix is dominated by hydropower, which produces over 90-94% of the country’s electricity, making it one of the world’s cleanest electricity generators. The remaining electricity is generated from coal (roughly 4-7%) and natural gas. While renewable-heavy, the system faces seasonal shortages in winter, causing increased reliance on coal-fired generation during those months.

Tajikistan plans to produce 1 million metric tons of green hydrogen annually by 2040, utilizing its abundant hydropower resources to meet domestic demand and export to neighboring Central Asian nations. The strategy, targeting 500,000 tons by 2030, aims to diversify energy sources, reduce reliance on oil imports, and transition toward a green economy.

Syria’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with over 95% of electricity generated from oil and natural gas as of 2022. The sector, severely impacted by conflict, relies on declining domestic production and imports, with limited, yet growing, contributions from hydropower and solar power.

Syria is gradually exploring renewable energy to diversify its power sector, with recent initiatives focusing on solar and wind, laying a foundation for potential future green hydrogen production. Key developments include a 100 MW solar plant in Damascus and agreements for 500 MW of renewable energy projects.

Switzerland’s electricity generation is over 98% low-carbon, primarily driven by hydropower (approx. 60–62%) and nuclear power (approx. 29%). While the electricity sector is nearly fossil-free, the overall energy mix still relies heavily on oil products and natural gas for heating and transport. The country is transitioning to renewables, with solar energy contributing around 9% of power.

Switzerland is actively developing a green hydrogen economy to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, focusing on producing hydrogen via hydroelectricity for heavy transport and industrial use. The nation’s largest green hydrogen plant (2.5 MW) began operations in April 2024 in Domat/Ems, capable of producing 350 tonnes annually to replace diesel fuel.

Sweden’s electricity production is nearly 99% low-carbon, relying primarily on a mix of hydroelectric (approx. 38-40%) and nuclear (29%) power as of 2024-2025. Wind power is the fastest-growing source, contributing over 20-25% to the grid. The country aims for a 100% renewable or fossil-free electricity system by 2040, featuring high energy efficiency.

Sweden is currently a global leader in the green hydrogen transition, leveraging its 99% low-carbon electricity grid to decarbonize heavy industries. The nation’s strategy focuses on transforming “hard-to-abate” sectors, specifically steel manufacturing, and establishing regional “Hydrogen Valleys.”

Key Industrial Projects:

• Stegra (formerly H2 Green Steel): Building a giga-scale plant in Boden featuring a 740 MW electrolyzer. It aims to produce near-zero emission steel by 2026, using hydrogen to replace coal in the iron ore reduction process.
• HYBRIT: A joint venture between SSAB, LKAB, and Vattenfall. It delivered the world’s first fossil-free steel to Volvo in 2021 and is currently testing a unique 100-cubic-meter underground hydrogen storage facility in Luleå to manage energy costs.
• Ovako: In September 2023, Ovako inaugurated the world’s first plant for using fossil-free hydrogen to heat steel before rolling at its Hofors works.
• Liquid Wind: Developing facilities in Örnsköldsvik and Umeå to convert green hydrogen and biogenic $$ into e-methanol for shipping and aviation.

Sweden recently launched the High Coast to West Coast Hydrogen Valley (HiWhyV), an EU-funded initiative involving 45 partners.

• Objective: To link production hubs in Western Sweden with industrial users in Västernorrland.
• Production Goal: At least 4,000 tonnes of renewable hydrogen by 2030.
• Integration: Projects like the one in Trollhättan plan to feed waste heat from hydrogen production into the city’s district heating network for maximum efficiency.

Emerging Research & Export Potential

• Scientific Breakthrough: In 2025, Swedish researchers reported a catalyst-based breakthrough capable of boosting green hydrogen production efficiency by 800%.
• Export Hub: Due to low electricity prices in northern Sweden, the country is positioned to become a major exporter of hydrogen to the rest of Europe via carriers like ammonia or liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC).

Suriname’s electricity sector is transitioning, with a 2023 mix of roughly 38–42% hydropower and 53–61% fossil fuels (heavy fuel oil), according to IEA and Low-Carbon Power. The nation aims to increase its renewable share to over 35% by 2030, supported by new Electric Sector Plan 2025–2044 initiatives like solar mini-grids.

Suriname is positioning itself as a potential player in the green hydrogen industry, aiming to leverage its over 90% forest coverage to maintain a carbon-negative status while exploring sustainable, nature-based economic growth.

Sudan’s energy mix is heavily reliant on traditional biomass for primary energy and a combination of hydropower and thermal (oil) power for electricity, with roughly 43-62% coming from renewables. Due to ongoing conflict, oil production has been disrupted, and only about 62% of the population has electricity access.

Sudan holds significant, largely untapped potential for green hydrogen production, boasting some of the highest solar photovoltaic potential (up to 526 Gt/year) in Africa. While the country is in early conceptual stages of development, its vast renewable resources and strategic location could make it a future player in the green hydrogen economy. Sudan has exceptional solar, wind, and hydropower resources, providing the necessary energy for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. Research indicates Sudan has the highest potential for solar PV-based hydrogen production in Africa. As part of the African continent, Sudan is geographically well-positioned to supply green hydrogen to major demand centers like Europe, leveraging its proximity.

The realization of these projects faces challenges related to infrastructure, financing, and high risks, which are common to many African nations in the sector.

Sri Lanka’s energy mix relies on a combination of imported fossil fuels (coal and oil) and domestic renewable sources, primarily hydropower. While hydropower (around 37-38% of generation) and other renewables like wind and solar are significant, thermal power (coal/oil) still dominates, providing about 45-60% of total electricity.

Sri Lanka is positioning itself as a regional green hydrogen hub, aiming for 70% renewable energy by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050. The National Hydrogen Roadmap targets decarbonizing transport and industry while attracting $10 billion in investments. Key projects include collaborations with Adani Sri Lanka for Wind Power Monthly and green ammonia production, leveraging Greenstat Hydrogen Sri Lanka for technical development.

Spain has transformed its energy mix into a European leader for renewables, with over 50% of annual electricity production coming from green sources in 2023. Wind (approx. 22-24%) and solar (approx. 14-22%) are the primary drivers, complemented by nuclear (approx. 20%) and natural gas, aiming for 81% renewable electricity by 2030.

Spain is rapidly positioning itself as a European leader in green hydrogen, aiming for 12 GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030. Driven by vast renewable resources, major projects like the €3B Andalusian Green Hydrogen Valley are underway. The strategy focuses on decarbonizing industry, supporting transport, and establishing export routes, with significant investment in infrastructure by Enagás.

Iberdrola is a major player, with three plants operating and others under construction, including partnerships with BP.

White hydrogen:  Helios Aragón is exploring a large, high-grade hydrogen reservoir in the Pyrenees region.

South Africa’s energy mix is heavily dominated by coal, which accounts for roughly 82–85% of electricity generation, though this is gradually shifting towards renewables. While coal remains the primary source, the energy sector is diversifying with increasing investments in solar, wind, and nuclear to reduce carbon emissions and address power shortages.

South Africa is strategically positioning itself as a major global green hydrogen producer and exporter, aiming to leverage its abundant solar/wind resources and 80% of the world’s platinum group metals. The nation plans to support a ~$17.8 billion project pipeline, including the large-scale Boegoebaai export hub, targeting 500,000 tons of annual production by 2030 to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors.