Mongolia’s energy mix is heavily dominated by coal, which accounts for approximately 70.8% of its total primary energy supply and over 85% of its domestic electricity generation. The country faces a significant challenge in balancing its vast proven coal reserves (over 2.5 billion tons) with its ambitious goal to reach 30% renewable energy capacity by 2030. Oil accounts for roughly 29% of the total energy supply. Since Mongolia lacks large-scale domestic refineries, it exports unrefined oil and imports refined products, primarily from Russia. Ulaanbaatar is the world’s coldest capital; heating is critical. Many residents in “ger” districts rely on raw coal stoves, contributing to severe winter air pollution.

Since Mongolia is landlocked, as of 2026 there is no information indicating that it is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.