Mauritania’s energy mix is heavily reliant on oil (roughly 65-70%) and biomass for total energy supply, though it is rapidly integrating renewables, which accounted for over 20% of the power mix by late 2025. The electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels (diesel and fuel oil) but is shifting with significant wind and solar projects, alongside new natural gas exploitation.

Mauritania is rapidly positioning itself as a global hub for green hydrogen, leveraging immense solar and wind potential (estimated at 457 GW solar, 47 GW wind) to target 12.5 million tons of annual production by 2035. Major projects, including Project Nour and NAYRAH, aim for exports to Europe by 2028–2030, supported by a 2024 Hydrogen Code.

Despite these impending projects, as of 2026 Mauritania is not yet producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.

The Marshall Islands (RMI) energy mix is dominated by imported fossil fuels, which account for roughly 90% to 97% of the country’s electricity generation. The nation is actively transitioning toward renewables to reduce vulnerability to oil price shocks and combat climate change.

Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands, including the first,1952 thermonuclear (“hydrogen”) device (Ivy Mike) and the 1954 15-megaton Castle Bravo test, which was 1,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb and produced widespread radioactive fallout across inhabited atolls, including Rongelap and Utirik. These tests caused massive radioactive contamination and, in some cases, vaporized entire islands. Marshall Islanders were exposed to high levels of radiation, leading to health issues and the displacement of residents.

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) identifies green hydrogen as a critical component in its transition away from fossil fuels and toward its goal of net zero emissions by 2050. As one of the nations most vulnerable to sea-level rise, the RMI is leveraging international partnerships to explore hydrogen’s potential in decarbonizing its energy and maritime sectors.

While the RMI does not currently host large-scale green hydrogen production facilities, it is active in several developmental areas.

In 2024, Malta’s electricity supply was dominated by domestic power plants (58.1%) and significant imports via the Sicily-Malta interconnector (31.1%), with renewable sources contributing 10.8%. While natural gas remains the primary fuel for local generation, the country is rapidly increasing its renewable energy share, which reached 17.2% of gross final energy consumption in 2024.

Malta is actively developing a green hydrogen strategy to decarbonize its economy by 2050, focusing on offshore production and importing via a “hydrogen-ready” pipeline from Italy. Key initiatives include the HydroGenEration project for offshore wind-to-hydrogen research and the Melita TransGas pipeline project.

The country aims to transition from total reliance on oil imports to a more diverse, renewable-focused, and hydrogen-enabled energy landscape.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Malta is producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.

The Maldives’ energy mix remains heavily dominated by imported fossil fuels, though the share of renewables—specifically solar—is growing steadily. As of early 2026, the country continues to rely on diesel for the vast majority of its power generation while pursuing aggressive decarbonization targets. The Maldives has no indigenous fossil fuel reserves and imports all its petroleum needs. Diesel generators provide power for both inhabited islands and luxury resorts.

The Maldives is currently in the exploratory and feasibility phase of integrating green hydrogen into its national energy mix. As of February 2026, the country has no active green hydrogen production projects, but it is developing a national strategy to support its goal of net-zero emissions by 2030.

Malaysia’s energy mix is currently dominated by fossil fuels, which account for over 91% of the country’s total primary energy supply. In the electricity sector specifically, the dependence on fossil fuels—primarily coal and natural gas—is roughly 81% as of 2024.

Malaysia is rapidly positioning itself as a regional green hydrogen leader through its National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) and the Hydrogen Economy and Technology Roadmap (HETR). The country aims to generate over RM400 billion in revenue by 2050.

Several large-scale projects are currently in development across different states.

Malawi’s energy mix is characterized by an extreme reliance on biomass (firewood and charcoal), which accounts for approximately 80% to 97% of total primary energy supply. For electricity, the country depends almost entirely on hydropower, making the grid highly vulnerable to climate-related disruptions and droughts.

Malawi is exploring green hydrogen, primarily focused on pilot projects for sustainable energy. In late 2025, Mwanza District Hospital became a pioneering site in Malawi, featuring a system that combines a solar microgrid with electrolyzers to generate green hydrogen for cooking, replacing biomass.

Madagascar’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biomass, which accounts for approximately 80% to 86% of its total energy supply. Fossil fuels, mainly imported oil and coal, provide much of the remaining energy, primarily for transportation and industrial use. Although Madagascar has untapped domestic reserves, it relies on imported petroleum for transportation and thermal power. Currently, only about 25% of the population has access to electricity, and the national energy mix remains heavily dependent on biofuels and waste (85%).

Madagascar is currently exploring the feasibility of a green hydrogen economy to address its chronic energy deficit and leverage its vast renewable resources. Research indicates that Madagascar could achieve a highly competitive levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of approximately US$1.84/kg, one of the lowest projected costs in the region. The island possesses abundant solar, wind, and hydropower potential, which are the primary inputs for green hydrogen production. Coastal areas are particularly noted for promising offshore wind prospects.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Madagascar is producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.

Luxembourg’s energy system is characterized by a high reliance on imported fossil fuels for its total energy supply, while simultaneously achieving one of the highest shares of renewable energy in its domestic electricity generation. The overall energy mix, which includes transportation and heating, remains dominated by fossil fuels due to high demand from the transport sector and transit traffic. Oil and Petroleum Products (69.1%) account for the largest share, primarily driven by fuel sales to cross-border commuters and freight. Natural gas (15.2%) is used extensively for industrial, residential, and commercial heating. While Luxembourg imports roughly 76% to 86% of its electricity, the energy actually generated within the country is almost entirely low carbon.

Luxembourg is advancing its green hydrogen sector to decarbonize industry and transport, aiming for initial production by 2026 through the €39m “LuxHyVal” (Luxembourg Hydrogen Valley) project. This initiative, led by the University of Luxembourg and supported by the EU, focuses on a 6MW electrolyzer in Bascharage to replace imported fossil-based hydrogen. It aims for 1,750 kg/day of green hydrogen by 2026 to support industrial needs, particularly for partner Ceratizit and transport, including Sales-Lentz and TICE buses.

Lithuania has undergone a dramatic transformation in its energy mix, moving from high dependence on Russian imports to a leadership position in renewable electricity. Lithuania’s domestic electricity production is now dominated by low-carbon sources, though it remains a net importer (primarily from Sweden and Poland). Wind Power is the largest domestic source, accounting for approximately 43% of generation. Solar PV is growing rapidly, contributing about 17% of the mix. Hydropower is a stable contributor at approximately 12%.

Lithuania is rapidly developing its green hydrogen sector, targeting a key role in regional decarbonization with projects slated for 2026. Major initiatives include a 3MW plant in Vilnius to fuel public transport and the Baltic region’s first green hydrogen production station at the Port of Klaipėda, designed for vessels and machinery. The Klaipėda State Seaport Authority launched a €12 million hydrogen-powered vessel to manage port waste. Construction is underway on a dedicated green hydrogen production and refueling station at the port. These projects align with broader efforts to transform Lithuania into a green energy hub, connecting local production with industrial and transport needs.