The Maldives’ energy mix remains heavily dominated by imported fossil fuels, though the share of renewables—specifically solar—is growing steadily. As of early 2026, the country continues to rely on diesel for the vast majority of its power generation while pursuing aggressive decarbonization targets. The Maldives has no indigenous fossil fuel reserves and imports all its petroleum needs. Diesel generators provide power for both inhabited islands and luxury resorts.

The Maldives is currently in the exploratory and feasibility phase of integrating green hydrogen into its national energy mix. As of February 2026, the country has no active green hydrogen production projects, but it is developing a national strategy to support its goal of net-zero emissions by 2030.

Malaysia’s energy mix is currently dominated by fossil fuels, which account for over 91% of the country’s total primary energy supply. In the electricity sector specifically, the dependence on fossil fuels—primarily coal and natural gas—is roughly 81% as of 2024.

Malaysia is rapidly positioning itself as a regional green hydrogen leader through its National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) and the Hydrogen Economy and Technology Roadmap (HETR). The country aims to generate over RM400 billion in revenue by 2050.

Several large-scale projects are currently in development across different states.

Malawi’s energy mix is characterized by an extreme reliance on biomass (firewood and charcoal), which accounts for approximately 80% to 97% of total primary energy supply. For electricity, the country depends almost entirely on hydropower, making the grid highly vulnerable to climate-related disruptions and droughts.

Malawi is exploring green hydrogen, primarily focused on pilot projects for sustainable energy. In late 2025, Mwanza District Hospital became a pioneering site in Malawi, featuring a system that combines a solar microgrid with electrolyzers to generate green hydrogen for cooking, replacing biomass.

Madagascar’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biomass, which accounts for approximately 80% to 86% of its total energy supply. Fossil fuels, mainly imported oil and coal, provide much of the remaining energy, primarily for transportation and industrial use. Although Madagascar has untapped domestic reserves, it relies on imported petroleum for transportation and thermal power. Currently, only about 25% of the population has access to electricity, and the national energy mix remains heavily dependent on biofuels and waste (85%).

Madagascar is currently exploring the feasibility of a green hydrogen economy to address its chronic energy deficit and leverage its vast renewable resources. Research indicates that Madagascar could achieve a highly competitive levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of approximately US$1.84/kg, one of the lowest projected costs in the region. The island possesses abundant solar, wind, and hydropower potential, which are the primary inputs for green hydrogen production. Coastal areas are particularly noted for promising offshore wind prospects.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Madagascar is producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.

Luxembourg’s energy system is characterized by a high reliance on imported fossil fuels for its total energy supply, while simultaneously achieving one of the highest shares of renewable energy in its domestic electricity generation. The overall energy mix, which includes transportation and heating, remains dominated by fossil fuels due to high demand from the transport sector and transit traffic. Oil and Petroleum Products (69.1%) account for the largest share, primarily driven by fuel sales to cross-border commuters and freight. Natural gas (15.2%) is used extensively for industrial, residential, and commercial heating. While Luxembourg imports roughly 76% to 86% of its electricity, the energy actually generated within the country is almost entirely low carbon.

Luxembourg is advancing its green hydrogen sector to decarbonize industry and transport, aiming for initial production by 2026 through the €39m “LuxHyVal” (Luxembourg Hydrogen Valley) project. This initiative, led by the University of Luxembourg and supported by the EU, focuses on a 6MW electrolyzer in Bascharage to replace imported fossil-based hydrogen. It aims for 1,750 kg/day of green hydrogen by 2026 to support industrial needs, particularly for partner Ceratizit and transport, including Sales-Lentz and TICE buses.

Lithuania has undergone a dramatic transformation in its energy mix, moving from high dependence on Russian imports to a leadership position in renewable electricity. Lithuania’s domestic electricity production is now dominated by low-carbon sources, though it remains a net importer (primarily from Sweden and Poland). Wind Power is the largest domestic source, accounting for approximately 43% of generation. Solar PV is growing rapidly, contributing about 17% of the mix. Hydropower is a stable contributor at approximately 12%.

Lithuania is rapidly developing its green hydrogen sector, targeting a key role in regional decarbonization with projects slated for 2026. Major initiatives include a 3MW plant in Vilnius to fuel public transport and the Baltic region’s first green hydrogen production station at the Port of Klaipėda, designed for vessels and machinery. The Klaipėda State Seaport Authority launched a €12 million hydrogen-powered vessel to manage port waste. Construction is underway on a dedicated green hydrogen production and refueling station at the port. These projects align with broader efforts to transform Lithuania into a green energy hub, connecting local production with industrial and transport needs.

Liechtenstein’s energy mix heavily relies on imports (over 90% of total energy) to meet demand, with a strong focus on renewable electricity—primarily hydropower—for domestic production. While local generation is 100% renewable (hydro and solar), overall consumption includes significant imported nuclear and fossil fuels. The nation aims for 100% renewable energy by 2050. Domestic Production is dominated by hydropower (over 90% of local generation), followed by increasing solar PV contributions. The vast majority of energy consumed is imported, including electricity from the European grid, which historically includes nuclear and fossil fuel sources.

Liechtenstein’s “Energy Vision 2050” aims for a 40% reduction in energy demand and 100% renewable energy usage, focusing on increasing domestic solar capacity and reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports.

Liechtenstein is positioning itself for a sustainable, carbon-neutral future by focusing on green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources. Green hydrogen is expected to play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in industrial sectors (such as metal processing) and heavy transport, which are traditionally difficult to electrify.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Liechtenstein is actually producing green hydrogen.

Libya’s energy mix is almost entirely dominated by fossil fuels, which account for approximately 100% of its domestic electricity generation and total primary energy consumption. Natural gas is the primary source for power, accounting for roughly 67% to 75% of electricity generation. It is also widely used for industrial processes and domestic heating/cooking. Oil Contributes the remaining 25% to 33% of the power generation mix. Libya holds Africa’s largest proven oil reserves (approx. 48.4 billion barrels) and is a major global exporter.

Libya is actively positioning itself to become a significant regional hub for green hydrogen production, leveraging its high solar radiation and strategic proximity to European energy markets. In August 2025, Libya’s Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy partnered with Germany’s H2 Global to launch a large-scale project, targeting 1 million tons of green hydrogen for export. The Tosyali SULB complex in Benghazi is being developed as one of the world’s largest hydrogen-powered Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) plants. It will use hydrogen to produce green steel, aiming to supply the European market’s “green transformation” needs. Libya aims to utilize its existing Greenstream pipeline and potential new interconnectors to Europe for future hydrogen transport.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Libya is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Liberia’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biomass, which accounts for over 80% to 90% of total primary energy consumption. The country’s electricity sector, while growing, remains one of the world’s most underdeveloped due to the lingering effects of civil conflict. As of 2024, Liberia’s grid-connected installed capacity is approximately 126 MW to 131 MW. The mix of generation varies significantly between the wet and dry seasons.

Liberia is positioning itself for the emerging green hydrogen sector, driven by regional ECOWAS strategies to leverage renewable resources for sustainable development and energy security. The country possesses potential for renewable-powered electrolysis, aided by its resource base and strategic location, with initiatives like the 950MW Malaikah Energy project announced in 2025 to boost renewable capacity.

As of 2026, the focus in Liberia is on building the foundational renewable infrastructure (wind, solar) required for future green hydrogen production.

Lesotho’s domestic electricity generation is 99.8% renewable, primarily from hydropower. However, the country remains highly dependent on imports and traditional biomass to meet its total energy needs. The ‘Muela Hydropower Plant (72 MW) is the backbone of domestic production. In 2024, hydro generation reached 492.5 GWh, up from 468 GWh in 2023. The Ha Ramarothole Solar PV Park (Phase I) added 30 MW of capacity in 2023. Monthly production from this plant averages approximately 5 MWh injected into the national grid. Domestic supply does not meet peak demand, requiring Lesotho to import over 50% to 69% of its electricity from South Africa (Eskom) and Mozambique (EDM) via the Southern African Power Pool.

Lesotho is emerging as a potential leader in the African green hydrogen sector by leveraging its abundant renewable resources (water, wind, solar) to produce clean energy, aiming to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports. Recent initiatives include researching electrolysis technologies to power vehicles and industry, with a focus on utilizing Lesotho’s water resources. While still in the developmental phase, the potential to integrate green hydrogen into the national energy strategy aims to foster industrialization, economic growth, and energy self-sufficiency.

As of 2026, there’s no information indicating that Lesotho is actually producing green hydrogen.