Mongolia’s energy mix is heavily dominated by coal, which accounts for approximately 70.8% of its total primary energy supply and over 85% of its domestic electricity generation. The country faces a significant challenge in balancing its vast proven coal reserves (over 2.5 billion tons) with its ambitious goal to reach 30% renewable energy capacity by 2030. Oil accounts for roughly 29% of the total energy supply. Since Mongolia lacks large-scale domestic refineries, it exports unrefined oil and imports refined products, primarily from Russia. Ulaanbaatar is the world’s coldest capital; heating is critical. Many residents in “ger” districts rely on raw coal stoves, contributing to severe winter air pollution.

Since Mongolia is landlocked, as of 2026 there is no information indicating that it is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Monaco’s energy mix heavily relies on imported electricity (53% in 2021), primarily from France, with a strong, growing emphasis on renewables and efficiency. Over 60% of total energy consumed is considered to be of renewable origin (including imported green electricity and local sources). Local generation includes significant use of solar power and seawater heat pumps for heating/cooling. Local renewable energy accounts for about 21.6% of consumption, including photovoltaic panels on buildings and heat pumps.

Monaco has positioned itself as a global hub for green hydrogen innovation, primarily through the Monaco Hydrogen Alliance (MHA) and high-profile maritime projects. Under the patronage of Prince Albert II, the Principality focuses on decarbonizing land, air, and sea transportation to meet its goal of a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

Monaco actively partners with global entities to standardize hydrogen technologies. Recent actions include a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association (IHFCA) in April 2025 and partnerships with Hydrogen Scotland to share best practices for safe deployment.

Moldova’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on imports and fossil fuels, primarily natural gas and oil products. The country has historically been almost entirely dependent on external sources, but it is currently undergoing a rapid transition to diversify its energy supply and increase the share of renewables.

Moldova is strategically developing its green hydrogen sector to reduce fossil fuel dependency, aligning with EU energy transition goals. With significant investments in renewable energy, the country is exploring green hydrogen production, including feasibility studies for electrolysis facilities and infrastructure development, aiming for energy independence. Moldova is actively working with Romania on energy interconnections, which are crucial for integrating renewable-based green hydrogen projects into the broader European energy system.

The energy mix of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is currently dominated by imported fossil fuels, which account for over 90% of total energy consumption. While the nation is actively transitioning toward renewable sources, it remains heavily dependent on diesel generators for approximately 91% to 95% of the electricity generation mix.

Micronesia (FSM) is positioning green hydrogen as a key component of its sustainable, resilient energy future. As a nation with significant maritime potential, FSM is exploring this technology for decarbonization and energy security, aligning with regional efforts to shift away from fossil fuels.

Mexico’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which account for approximately 75% to 80% of its electricity generation as of 2024-2025. Natural gas is the primary fuel source, while the share of clean energy has recently seen a decline due to reduced hydroelectric output.

The most recent data indicates a high reliance on imported and domestic fossil fuels to meet growing industrial demand.

When considering all energy uses (including transport and heating), the dependence on oil is even more pronounced.

Oil: ~44-45%
Natural Gas: ~39-45%
Coal: ~4-5.5%
Renewables & Others: ~5-10%

President Claudia Sheinbaum has declared a goal of 45% renewable share in electricity generation by 2030. The government plans to install roughly 28 GW of new generation capacity by 2030, with a major focus on state-funded solar and wind projects.

Mexico is accelerating its green hydrogen sector, inaugurated its first production plant in Querétaro in late 2025. Leveraging abundant solar and wind resources, the country has announced roughly $21-$23 billion in investments for projects aimed at reducing reliance on hydrocarbons. The industry is focused on decarbonizing industrial processes, with 28 projects in development. The first green hydrogen plant, a partnership between German and Mexican firms, opened in Querétaro to produce hydrogen for industrial use, with a projected reduction of 100 tons of CO₂ annually. Mexico is considered a major potential player in Latin America due to its high renewable energy capacity (solar and wind) and proximity to industrial hubs, potentially positioning it as a future exporter. As of early 2026, the country is transitioning from feasibility studies to early-stage industrial production, with a focus on integrating clean energy into its national energy mix.

Mauritius relies heavily on imported fossil fuels for electricity, with coal and oil products accounting for over 80% of generation in 2023. The remaining ~17-19% comes from renewable sources, primarily bagasse (sugar cane residue), solar PV, and hydropower. The government aims to transition to 60% renewable energy for electricity generation by 2030. Over 90% of total primary energy requirements are imported.

Mauritius is actively positioning green hydrogen as a future pillar of its sustainable development, aiming to integrate it into its target of 60% renewable energy by 2030. While currently lacking a dedicated national policy, the country has initiated strategic planning and pilot projects to explore its potential. Beyond power generation, Mauritius views green hydrogen as a viable pathway for heavy transport and industrial applications that are difficult to electrify directly.

Mauritania’s energy mix is heavily reliant on oil (roughly 65-70%) and biomass for total energy supply, though it is rapidly integrating renewables, which accounted for over 20% of the power mix by late 2025. The electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels (diesel and fuel oil) but is shifting with significant wind and solar projects, alongside new natural gas exploitation.

Mauritania is rapidly positioning itself as a global hub for green hydrogen, leveraging immense solar and wind potential (estimated at 457 GW solar, 47 GW wind) to target 12.5 million tons of annual production by 2035. Major projects, including Project Nour and NAYRAH, aim for exports to Europe by 2028–2030, supported by a 2024 Hydrogen Code.

Despite these impending projects, as of 2026 Mauritania is not yet producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.

The Marshall Islands (RMI) energy mix is dominated by imported fossil fuels, which account for roughly 90% to 97% of the country’s electricity generation. The nation is actively transitioning toward renewables to reduce vulnerability to oil price shocks and combat climate change.

Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands, including the first,1952 thermonuclear (“hydrogen”) device (Ivy Mike) and the 1954 15-megaton Castle Bravo test, which was 1,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb and produced widespread radioactive fallout across inhabited atolls, including Rongelap and Utirik. These tests caused massive radioactive contamination and, in some cases, vaporized entire islands. Marshall Islanders were exposed to high levels of radiation, leading to health issues and the displacement of residents.

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) identifies green hydrogen as a critical component in its transition away from fossil fuels and toward its goal of net zero emissions by 2050. As one of the nations most vulnerable to sea-level rise, the RMI is leveraging international partnerships to explore hydrogen’s potential in decarbonizing its energy and maritime sectors.

While the RMI does not currently host large-scale green hydrogen production facilities, it is active in several developmental areas.

In 2024, Malta’s electricity supply was dominated by domestic power plants (58.1%) and significant imports via the Sicily-Malta interconnector (31.1%), with renewable sources contributing 10.8%. While natural gas remains the primary fuel for local generation, the country is rapidly increasing its renewable energy share, which reached 17.2% of gross final energy consumption in 2024.

Malta is actively developing a green hydrogen strategy to decarbonize its economy by 2050, focusing on offshore production and importing via a “hydrogen-ready” pipeline from Italy. Key initiatives include the HydroGenEration project for offshore wind-to-hydrogen research and the Melita TransGas pipeline project.

The country aims to transition from total reliance on oil imports to a more diverse, renewable-focused, and hydrogen-enabled energy landscape.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Malta is producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.