Norway features one of the world’s most unique energy profiles, characterized by a nearly 100% renewable electricity grid while simultaneously being a top global exporter of oil and gas.

Norway’s domestic power production is almost entirely decarbonized.

• Hydropower (90.4%): The backbone of the system, leveraging Norway’s mountainous topography and high precipitation.
• Wind Power (8.5%): A rapidly growing sector, including major onshore projects and the world’s largest floating offshore wind farm, Hywind Tampen.
• Thermal/Fossil (1.1%): Primarily used in remote areas like Svalbard or specialized industrial sites.
• Solar & Others (<0.1%): Currently negligible but targeted for growth (8 TWh goal by 2030).

Norway is rapidly advancing as a key player in Europe’s green hydrogen transition, leveraging its abundant renewable energy to target net-zero emissions by 2050. Major projects like Yara’s 24MW plant and Norwegian Hydrogen’s 270MW Ørskog facility aim to decarbonize shipping, heavy industry, and transport. While focusing on domestic industrial use, Norway is also developing export potential.

Norwegian Hydrogen AS is establishing a Nordic network, including a 270 MW plant in Ørskog expected to produce 40,000 tons annually and the Hellesylt Hydrogen Hub. Yara’s Herøya plant is one of Europe’s largest, producing green ammonia for fertilizer. Fortescue is developing the Holmaneset project.

The Norwegian government supports hydrogen through various strategies aimed at achieving net-zero by 2050.

North Macedonia’s energy mix is primarily driven by fossil fuels, with coal (lignite) accounting for approximately 40–47% of electricity generation, supplemented by 20–25% from hydropower, based on 2023–2024 data. The country relies heavily on imports for oil and natural gas, while rapidly increasing solar PV capacity. The energy sector is transitioning, focusing on reducing reliance on aging coal plants and expanding renewable sources to meet climate targets. The nation relies on external energy to meet its total demand, with net imports covering a significant portion of electricity.

North Macedonia is aggressively pursuing a green hydrogen strategy to phase out coal by 2030 and decarbonize its energy sector. The country is currently transitioning from a thermal-dominant power grid to one powered by massive solar, wind, and hydrogen-ready gas infrastructure.

Major Projects and Infrastructure

• Gas-Hydrogen Power Plants: The government has launched projects to build two major regional power plants designed to be “hydrogen-ready”:
  • Negotino: A 800 MW gas/hydrogen-fired facility.
  • Bitola: A 250–300 MW gas/hydrogen-fired facility.
• Cross-Border Interconnector: Construction has begun on a 66.7 km gas pipeline (interconnector) between Gevgelija and Negotino, linking North Macedonia to the Alexandroupolis LNG terminal in Greece. This pipeline is designed to transport both natural gas and green hydrogen.
• Waste-to-Hydrogen Plant: Hydrogen Utopia International (HUI) is developing a facility to produce hydrogen from non-recyclable waste plastics.

Projects are supported by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), and the Joint SDG Fund.

Nigeria’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on biofuels for residential use and natural gas for electricity generation. While the country is a leading global producer of oil and gas, traditional biomass still accounts for approximately 40–45% of the total primary energy supply as of 2024–2025.

Nigeria is positioning itself as a major player in the global green hydrogen market, aiming to generate $50 billion in export earnings and produce four million tonnes of green ammonia annually by 2060. The country’s strategy leverages its abundant solar and wind resources to decarbonize its energy-intensive industries and create a new revenue stream beyond fossil fuels.

Key Projects and Partnerships

• Nigeria-China Green Hydrogen Deal: In February 2025, the Nigerian government signed a €7.6 billion agreement with APPL Hydrogen Limited (AHL) and China’s LONGi Green Energy Technology.
  • Location: Liberty Free Trade Zone, Akwa Ibom State.
  • Output: Target production of 1.2 million tonnes of green methanol annually and 1.1 GW of clean electricity.

• Nigeria-Germany Partnership: Collaborative efforts through the German-Nigerian Hydrogen Office in Abuja focus on technical exchange, policy development, and securing future offtake for Germany’s energy needs.
• Pilot Initiatives (2026–2028): Planned projects include a 50MW solar-hydrogen plant

Strategic Objectives

• Economic Goals: Nigeria targets $10 billion in annual revenue from hydrogen by 2035 and the creation of 500,000 jobs.
• Agricultural Impact: A primary focus is green ammonia production to close the domestic fertilizer gap, reducing reliance on imports and improving food security.
• Industrial Integration: Plans involve integrating green hydrogen into major facilities like the Dangote Refinery and the Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system for cleaner transportation.

Niger’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biofuels and waste, which account for over 74% of the total energy supply, primarily used for residential cooking and heating. For electricity specifically, the country is heavily reliant on fossil fuels (96%), with oil and diesel alone generating about 74% of the total power as of 2023.

Niger is positioning itself as an emerging green hydrogen hub in West Africa, leveraging immense solar energy potential and newly identified groundwater resources to produce low-carbon fuel for domestic use and export to Europe. Partnerships, such as with Emerging Energy Corporation (EEC), focus on using electrolysis for industrial decarbonization. Despite being in the Sahel, Niger has substantial groundwater resources suitable for large-scale, sustainable green hydrogen production.

While still in the early stages compared to more advanced African projects, the country is actively building its research, capacity, and infrastructure to become a key player in the green hydrogen industry.

Nicaragua has significantly shifted its energy matrix toward renewable sources, which currently account for approximately 62.4% to 80% of its electricity generation, depending on the season and specific reporting period. As of early 2025, the country continues to expand its “clean” energy share, with a particular focus on solar energy to further reduce its reliance on imported oil. The Nicaraguan government has set a target of 65% renewable generation by 2030. Electrification Rate: Nicaragua has achieved an electricity coverage rate of 99.5% as of late 2024, one of the highest in Central America.

Nicaragua is positioning itself for green hydrogen development by leveraging its high renewable energy capacity, which reached approximately 69% of electricity generation by 2021. The country is focusing on expanding solar, wind, and geothermal projects to power potential electrolyzer infrastructure. The growing global interest in green hydrogen, combined with Nicaragua’s favorable geographic and natural resources, highlights its potential in the emerging green hydrogen market.

As of 2026, there is no information indicating that Nicaragua is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

New Zealand’s energy mix is characterized by a high proportion of renewable sources for electricity, though fossil fuels continue to dominate total primary energy supply (TPES) due to their use in transport and industry. As of 2024, renewable energy reached a record high of 45.5% of the total primary energy supply.

New Zealand is actively developing a green hydrogen economy to decarbonize “hard-to-abate” sectors like heavy transport, aviation, and industrial processing. Leveraging its abundant renewable energy, the country aims to transition from a net energy importer to a green energy exporter by 2050.

Major Projects & Infrastructure

• Hiringa Energy Refuelling Network: Building a nationwide network for heavy transport. Stations are already operational in Auckland (Wiri), Hamilton, and Palmerston North, with more planned to cover 95% of North Island freight routes.
• Kapuni Green Hydrogen Project: A partnership between Ballance Agrinutrients and Hiringa Energy to produce green ammonia for fertilizer and hydrogen for transport using wind energy.
• Halcyon Power: A joint venture between Tūaropaki Trust and Obayashi Corporation, operating New Zealand’s first commercial-scale green hydrogen plant powered by geothermal energy in Taupō.

New Zealand is also exploring “white” (natural) hydrogen, with research ongoing into undersea seeps in Fiordland that continuously generate gas through geological processes.

The Netherlands has undergone a rapid shift in its energy mix, with renewable sources (primarily wind and solar) providing over 52% of electricity generation for the first time in 2024 and 2025. Despite this progress in the power sector, the total national energy supply—including heating and transport—remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels.

For the period from July 2024 to June 2025, the electricity mix reached a near-equal split between low-carbon and fossil sources. The Netherlands has one of the highest solar panel densities globally.

The Netherlands is rapidly positioning itself as a central European hub for green hydrogen, driven by a national strategy to reach 4 GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030 and 8 GW by 2032. While currently small—representing only 0.02% of the national energy mix as of early 2025—the sector is accelerating through massive subsidy rounds and the rollout of a national hydrogen “backbone.” The government aims for 500 MW of installed capacity by 2025 and 4 GW by 2030.

Major Infrastructure & Projects

• National Hydrogen Network: Managed by Hynetwork (a Gasunie subsidiary), the first 32km segment in Rotterdam was completed in August 2025. A full national network connecting industrial clusters and neighboring countries (Germany and Belgium) is now expected to be fully ready by 2033.
• Holland Hydrogen 1 (Shell): Located in Rotterdam, this 200 MW project is set to be one of Europe’s largest. It secured a temporary grid connection in late 2024 to begin operations by 2025.
• Eemshydrogen (RWE): A 100 MW electrolyzer project in Eemshaven, powered by the OranjeWind offshore wind farm, recently secured key permits and €551 million in SDE++ funding.
• Underground Storage: The “National Agenda for Underground Hydrogen Storage” (July 2025) outlines plans for 3–4 large-scale storage facilities in salt caverns in the North and Northeast

Nepal’s energy mix is characterized by a stark contrast between its total energy consumption, which is dominated by traditional biomass, and its electricity sector, which is almost entirely renewable.

Biofuels and Waste (approx. 65-66%): Traditional biomass—primarily firewood, agricultural residues, and animal dung—remains the largest energy source. It is used by over 60% of rural households for cooking and heating.

All petroleum is imported, mainly from India. It is the second-largest fuel source, used primarily for transportation (62%) and as a secondary cooking fuel (LPG).

Nepal has achieved nearly 98% electrification as of 2025, a massive increase from just 51% a decade ago. The power grid is one of the “cleanest” in the world. Hydropower (approx. 95-98%) is the backbone of the national grid. Nepal has an estimated 42,000 MW of economically viable hydro potential. Nepal aims to export 15,000 MW by 2035.

Nepal is actively developing a green hydrogen economy to utilize its surplus monsoon hydropower, aiming to decarbonize its transport and industrial sectors while reducing fossil fuel dependency. With 42,000 MW of techno-economic hydropower capacity, Nepal can produce green hydrogen from excess electricity, particularly during the monsoon season.

The Green Hydrogen Lab (GHLab) at Kathmandu University, supported by the Nepal Oil Corporation, is developing pilot projects and, as of late 2025, is collaborating with Korea’s G-Philos on a $51 million commercial-scale hydrogen and fuel cell plant.

Nauru’s energy mix is almost entirely dependent on imported fossil fuels, primarily diesel, which accounts for approximately 90–95% of its electricity generation. The remaining portion is supplied by solar energy.

Nauru is actively integrating green hydrogen into its long-term strategy to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050. The island’s approach focuses on utilizing its abundant solar resources to produce carbon-free fuel, potentially serving as a model for other Pacific island nations.

In August 2025, a $1 billion investment proposal from China was announced, which specifically includes the development of renewable energy and green transport projects in Nauru. The country expects to reach 50% renewable energy in 2026 through the expansion of small-scale solar farms, providing the necessary renewable electricity base for future hydrogen electrolysis.

International partners like Masdar have already implemented solar projects on the island, laying the groundwork for integrated renewable systems

Nauru is a participant in the Pacific Hydrogen Strategy, a regional initiative aimed at mapping energy resources and infrastructure to establish a hydrogen economy across Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs).

Namibia’s energy mix is currently dominated by imported electricity and petroleum products, while domestic power generation is primarily driven by hydropower. As of early 2026, the country is aggressively shifting toward a “green energy hub” model, targeting 70% renewable energy in its electricity mix by 2030. Domestic generation remains insufficient to meet total demand, forcing Namibia to import approximately 60% of its electricity from South Africa (Eskom), Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Namibia is positioning itself as a global leader in green hydrogen, leveraging its vast solar and wind resources to target a production of 10 to 12 million metric tons annually by 2050. The government’s strategy centers on creating three “hydrogen valleys” along its coast to drive industrialization, economic diversification, and global exports.

The industry is currently transitioning from planning to early implementation with several flagship initiatives:

• Hyphen Hydrogen Energy: A $10 billion project in the Tsau ǁKhaeb National Park, developed by Enertrag and Nicholas Holdings. It aims to produce 2 million tons of green ammonia annually by 2030 for export to Europe and Asia. In late 2024, the Namibian government acquired a 24% stake in the venture.
• HyIron Oshivela: Located in the Namib Desert, this is the world’s first industrial-scale plant using green hydrogen to produce emissions-free iron. It launched pilot operations in early 2025 with plans to scale to 2 million metric tons by 2030.
• Cleanergy Solutions: A joint venture between CMB.TECH and Ohlthaver & List that recently inaugurated Africa’s first green hydrogen refueling station in Walvis Bay in May 2024.
• Daures Green Hydrogen Village: A community-led pilot project focusing on green ammonia for sustainable agriculture and fertilizer production.

As of 2026 there’s no information indicating that Namibia is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

White hydrogen has been found in Namibia.