Paraguay possesses one of the world’s cleanest electricity grids, generating 100% of its power from renewable hydroelectric sources. However, its total energy supply (which includes transportation and heating) is more diversified, with roughly one-third of its needs met by imported oil and another third by biomass.
Paraguay is emerging as a potential leader in green hydrogen, leveraging its 100% renewable electricity grid (primarily hydropower) to target 1 GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030. The country aims to produce green fertilizer and substitute fossil-based fuels, with major projects, such as ADA Green Hydrogen Holdings’ $100M+ plant in Villa Hayes, planned for 2028.
As of 2026, there’s no information indicating that it is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.
Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 74.8% of total electricity generation as of 2022. While the country has vast untapped renewable potential, particularly in hydropower and geothermal, its primary energy consumption remains reliant on oil and gas.
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is emerging as a potential green hydrogen superpower, leveraging its massive hydropower and geothermal resources to target producing 2.3 million tonnes annually. Partnering with developers like Fortescue Future Industries (FFI), the nation aims to transition to carbon neutrality by 2050.
As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Papua New Guinea is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.
Panama’s energy mix is heavily reliant on renewable sources for electricity generation, with over 60–70% coming from hydropower, wind, and solar, alongside significant natural gas use. While renewable electricity is dominant, the country’s total primary energy supply is still dominated by imported oil (roughly 58%), followed by hydropower and natural gas.
Panama is positioning itself as a strategic “green hydrogen supermarket” and logistics hub, aiming to produce 500,000 tons of green hydrogen and derivatives by 2030 and 2 million tons by 2040. Leveraging its canal and maritime infrastructure, the nation aims to supply 5% of its maritime fuel as green bunkering by 2030.
SGP BioEnergy is developing a major facility in Colon and Balboa to produce 405,000 metric tons of green hydrogen annually, linked to sustainable aviation fuel.
As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Panama is producing green energy from electrolysis of seawater.
Palau remains heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels for its energy, with approximately 97% of electricity production currently derived from diesel. While the nation is actively transitioning toward cleaner sources, renewable energy progress has faced logistical and infrastructure challenges, though recent solar projects have significantly increased its share in the mix.
Palau is transitioning from >97% fossil fuel reliance toward renewable energy, aiming for 45% renewable generation by 2025 and 100% by 2050. Key efforts focus on solar power expansion, including the largest solar-plus-storage project in the Western Pacific, aiming to reduce high import dependence and combat climate change.
As of 2026, no information is available indicating that Palau is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.
Pakistan’s energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which account for approximately 55%–64% of the supply, alongside significant shares from hydropower (24%–27%) and a growing but still minor portion from nuclear and renewables. While reliance on imported oil and gas is high, the country is actively pivoting towards indigenous coal, nuclear power, and large-scale solar projects to meet demand, targeting a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
Key Components of Pakistan’s Energy Mix (approximate figures based on 2023-2025 data):
Pakistan is advancing its green hydrogen sector to leverage its immense solar and wind potential, aiming to transition toward a low-carbon economy and reduce reliance on imported fuel. Major projects are emerging in Sindh and Port Qasim, with significant investments from firms like Pakistan Oxygen Limited and partnerships, such as Oracle Power’s initiative with Chinese firms, aimed at large-scale production for export and domestic industrial use.
Oman’s energy mix is currently dominated by natural gas, which powers nearly all of its electricity generation. However, the country is rapidly transitioning toward renewables to meet its Vision 2040 sustainability goals and diversify its economy away from hydrocarbon dependence.
As of early 2025, reports indicate that renewables have climbed to represent approximately 11.5% of Oman’s power mix.
Natural Gas (~88-93%): The primary fuel for power plants and industrial use.
Solar (~10%): The largest contributor to the renewable sector, driven by major projects like the Ibri II Solar IPP (500 MW).
Oil (<2%): Used minimally for electricity, primarily in remote areas or as a backup fuel.
Wind (<1%): Currently represented by a single large-scale wind farm in Dhofar (50 MW), though more are in the pipeline.
Major Growth Sectors
Green Hydrogen: Oman aims to become a global leader, targeting 1 million tonnes of green hydrogen production annually by 2030. The government established Hydrogen Oman (HYDROM) to manage this sector.
Solar Expansion: Multiple 1,000 MW Solar IPP projects are planned for 2029–2031 to dramatically scale capacity.
Waste-to-Energy: The 95 MW Barka Waste-to-Energy project is scheduled for 2031 to further diversify the mix.
Grid Modernization: The North-South Interconnect (400 kV) is being built to link regional systems into a unified national grid by late 2026, improving the stability of variable renewable energy.
Oman is positioning itself as a global leader in the green hydrogen economy, with a target to produce 1 million tons (Mt) per year by 2030 and up to 8.5 Mt per year by 2050. As of February 2026, the country has awarded land to several multi-billion-dollar projects, primarily concentrated in the Duqm and Salalah regions, to leverage its abundant solar and wind resources.
Key Active Projects
While two original projects (led by BP and a Posco-Engie consortium) were recently dropped due to market reassessment in late 2025, seven major projects remain on track.
Norway features one of the world’s most unique energy profiles, characterized by a nearly 100% renewable electricity grid while simultaneously being a top global exporter of oil and gas.
Norway’s domestic power production is almost entirely decarbonized.
Hydropower (90.4%): The backbone of the system, leveraging Norway’s mountainous topography and high precipitation.
Wind Power (8.5%): A rapidly growing sector, including major onshore projects and the world’s largest floating offshore wind farm, Hywind Tampen.
Thermal/Fossil (1.1%): Primarily used in remote areas like Svalbard or specialized industrial sites.
Solar & Others (<0.1%): Currently negligible but targeted for growth (8 TWh goal by 2030).
Norway is rapidly advancing as a key player in Europe’s green hydrogen transition, leveraging its abundant renewable energy to target net-zero emissions by 2050. Major projects like Yara’s 24MW plant and Norwegian Hydrogen’s 270MW Ørskog facility aim to decarbonize shipping, heavy industry, and transport. While focusing on domestic industrial use, Norway is also developing export potential.
Norwegian Hydrogen AS is establishing a Nordic network, including a 270 MW plant in Ørskog expected to produce 40,000 tons annually and the Hellesylt Hydrogen Hub. Yara’s Herøya plant is one of Europe’s largest, producing green ammonia for fertilizer. Fortescue is developing the Holmaneset project.
The Norwegian government supports hydrogen through various strategies aimed at achieving net-zero by 2050.
North Macedonia’s energy mix is primarily driven by fossil fuels, with coal (lignite) accounting for approximately 40–47% of electricity generation, supplemented by 20–25% from hydropower, based on 2023–2024 data. The country relies heavily on imports for oil and natural gas, while rapidly increasing solar PV capacity. The energy sector is transitioning, focusing on reducing reliance on aging coal plants and expanding renewable sources to meet climate targets. The nation relies on external energy to meet its total demand, with net imports covering a significant portion of electricity.
North Macedonia is aggressively pursuing a green hydrogen strategy to phase out coal by 2030 and decarbonize its energy sector. The country is currently transitioning from a thermal-dominant power grid to one powered by massive solar, wind, and hydrogen-ready gas infrastructure.
Major Projects and Infrastructure
Gas-Hydrogen Power Plants: The government has launched projects to build two major regional power plants designed to be “hydrogen-ready”:
Cross-Border Interconnector: Construction has begun on a 66.7 km gas pipeline (interconnector) between Gevgelija and Negotino, linking North Macedonia to the Alexandroupolis LNG terminal in Greece. This pipeline is designed to transport both natural gas and green hydrogen.
Waste-to-Hydrogen Plant: Hydrogen Utopia International (HUI) is developing a facility to produce hydrogen from non-recyclable waste plastics.
Nigeria’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on biofuels for residential use and natural gas for electricity generation. While the country is a leading global producer of oil and gas, traditional biomass still accounts for approximately 40–45% of the total primary energy supply as of 2024–2025.
Nigeria is positioning itself as a major player in the global green hydrogen market, aiming to generate $50 billion in export earnings and produce four million tonnes of green ammonia annually by 2060. The country’s strategy leverages its abundant solar and wind resources to decarbonize its energy-intensive industries and create a new revenue stream beyond fossil fuels.
Key Projects and Partnerships
Nigeria-China Green Hydrogen Deal: In February 2025, the Nigerian government signed a €7.6 billion agreement with APPL Hydrogen Limited (AHL) and China’s LONGi Green Energy Technology.
Location: Liberty Free Trade Zone, Akwa Ibom State.
Output: Target production of 1.2 million tonnes of green methanol annually and 1.1 GW of clean electricity.
Nigeria-Germany Partnership: Collaborative efforts through the German-Nigerian Hydrogen Office in Abuja focus on technical exchange, policy development, and securing future offtake for Germany’s energy needs.
Pilot Initiatives (2026–2028): Planned projects include a 50MW solar-hydrogen plant
Strategic Objectives
Economic Goals: Nigeria targets $10 billion in annual revenue from hydrogen by 2035 and the creation of 500,000 jobs.
Agricultural Impact: A primary focus is green ammonia production to close the domestic fertilizer gap, reducing reliance on imports and improving food security.
Industrial Integration: Plans involve integrating green hydrogen into major facilities like the Dangote Refinery and the Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system for cleaner transportation.
Niger’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biofuels and waste, which account for over 74% of the total energy supply, primarily used for residential cooking and heating. For electricity specifically, the country is heavily reliant on fossil fuels (96%), with oil and diesel alone generating about 74% of the total power as of 2023.
Niger is positioning itself as an emerging green hydrogen hub in West Africa, leveraging immense solar energy potential and newly identified groundwater resources to produce low-carbon fuel for domestic use and export to Europe. Partnerships, such as with Emerging Energy Corporation (EEC), focus on using electrolysis for industrial decarbonization. Despite being in the Sahel, Niger has substantial groundwater resources suitable for large-scale, sustainable green hydrogen production.
While still in the early stages compared to more advanced African projects, the country is actively building its research, capacity, and infrastructure to become a key player in the green hydrogen industry.
