Portugal is a European leader in renewable energy, with over 70-80% of its electricity generation coming from renewable sources in 2024, primarily wind, hydro, and increasingly solar. The country shut down its last coal-fired plant in 2021, relying on natural gas and imports for the remaining 10-20% of its energy demand.

Portugal is emerging as a European green hydrogen leader, leveraging high solar/wind resources to target 3 GW of production capacity by 2030. Centered on the industrial hub of Sines, key projects include a 100 MW plant at the Galp refinery and major initiatives like MadoquaPower2X, focusing on decarbonizing industry and producing synthetic fuels for export.

In 2025, the government allocated €70 million to 17 projects. The country boasts 14,000 km of gas pipelines ready for hydrogen integration.

In 2025, Poland’s energy mix continued a major transition, with coal dropping below 50% for the first time in some months, while renewable energy sources (RES)—led by rapid solar growth—and natural gas increased their shares. Despite this shift, coal still powered approximately 51-53% of electricity, making it the highest in the EU, alongside growing, yet still moderate, wind and solar capacity.

Poland is rapidly accelerating its green hydrogen sector to meet EU mandates, aiming for at least 180 kilotons of renewable hydrogen in industry by 2030, necessitating over
of electrolysis capacity. While currently the third-largest hydrogen producer in Europe (mostly gray), Poland is investing in electrolysis projects, hydrogen valleys, and importing green hydrogen from Finland.

Key challenges include high production costs, the need for10 TWh of renewable electricity, and, as of late 2025, some projects being written off due to funding gaps.

As of February 2026, there is no information indicating that Poland is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

The Philippines’ energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 79% of electricity generation in 2024, with coal being the dominant source at over 60%. Renewable energy contributes roughly 22% of the mix, primarily through geothermal and hydropower, with a goal to increase the renewable share to 35% by 2030.

The Philippines is actively developing a green hydrogen industry to decarbonize its energy sector, with projects aimed at replacing diesel in off-grid areas, particularly in Mindanao. Led by partnerships with firms like HDF Energy, the country is focusing on utilizing its solar, wind, and geothermal resources for electrolysis to produce clean energy. The government is providing incentives, including tax breaks and duty exemptions, to accelerate this transition.

Peru’s energy mix is characterized by a high reliance on hydroelectricity and natural gas for power generation, while oil continues to dominate total primary energy consumption, primarily due to the transport sector. In 2024, Peru achieved approximately 59% low-carbon electricity production, nearly meeting its 2025 target of 60%.

Peru is positioning itself as a major hub for green hydrogen in Latin America through massive infrastructure investments and new legislative frameworks.

Major Projects

• Horizonte de Verano ($11.2 – $12.5 Billion):
  • Location: Arequipa region (Southern Peru).
  • Scope: Expected to be one of the largest green hydrogen and ammonia plants in Latin America.
  • Components: Includes a 5.85 GW solar photovoltaic plant, a water desalination plant, and a 500 kV electrical substation.
  • Timeline: Construction is slated to begin in 2026, with the first phase operational by mid-2027 and full capacity reached by 2032.
• Phelan Green Energy ($2.4 – $2.5 Billion):
  • Location: La Joya district, Arequipa.
  • Scope: A dedicated solar-based hydrogen and ammonia production facility spanning 4,000 hectares.

Paraguay possesses one of the world’s cleanest electricity grids, generating 100% of its power from renewable hydroelectric sources. However, its total energy supply (which includes transportation and heating) is more diversified, with roughly one-third of its needs met by imported oil and another third by biomass.

Paraguay is emerging as a potential leader in green hydrogen, leveraging its 100% renewable electricity grid (primarily hydropower) to target 1 GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030. The country aims to produce green fertilizer and substitute fossil-based fuels, with major projects, such as ADA Green Hydrogen Holdings’ $100M+ plant in Villa Hayes, planned for 2028.

As of 2026, there’s no information indicating that it is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 74.8% of total electricity generation as of 2022. While the country has vast untapped renewable potential, particularly in hydropower and geothermal, its primary energy consumption remains reliant on oil and gas.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is emerging as a potential green hydrogen superpower, leveraging its massive hydropower and geothermal resources to target producing 2.3 million tonnes annually. Partnering with developers like Fortescue Future Industries (FFI), the nation aims to transition to carbon neutrality by 2050.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Papua New Guinea is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Panama’s energy mix is heavily reliant on renewable sources for electricity generation, with over 60–70% coming from hydropower, wind, and solar, alongside significant natural gas use. While renewable electricity is dominant, the country’s total primary energy supply is still dominated by imported oil (roughly 58%), followed by hydropower and natural gas.

Panama is positioning itself as a strategic “green hydrogen supermarket” and logistics hub, aiming to produce 500,000 tons of green hydrogen and derivatives by 2030 and 2 million tons by 2040. Leveraging its canal and maritime infrastructure, the nation aims to supply 5% of its maritime fuel as green bunkering by 2030.

SGP BioEnergy is developing a major facility in Colon and Balboa to produce 405,000 metric tons of green hydrogen annually, linked to sustainable aviation fuel.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Panama is producing green energy from electrolysis of seawater.

Palau remains heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels for its energy, with approximately 97% of electricity production currently derived from diesel. While the nation is actively transitioning toward cleaner sources, renewable energy progress has faced logistical and infrastructure challenges, though recent solar projects have significantly increased its share in the mix.

Palau is transitioning from >97% fossil fuel reliance toward renewable energy, aiming for 45% renewable generation by 2025 and 100% by 2050. Key efforts focus on solar power expansion, including the largest solar-plus-storage project in the Western Pacific, aiming to reduce high import dependence and combat climate change.

As of 2026, no information is available indicating that Palau is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Pakistan’s energy mix is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which account for approximately 55%–64% of the supply, alongside significant shares from hydropower (24%–27%) and a growing but still minor portion from nuclear and renewables. While reliance on imported oil and gas is high, the country is actively pivoting towards indigenous coal, nuclear power, and large-scale solar projects to meet demand, targeting a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

Key Components of Pakistan’s Energy Mix (approximate figures based on 2023-2025 data):

• Fossil Fuels (approx. 55-60%): Dominated by natural gas (including LNG), imported coal, and oil.
• Hydropower (approx. 25-27%): A major, yet vulnerable, source of renewable energy affected by climatic conditions (e.g., floods).
• Nuclear Energy (approx. 7-13%): A significant contributor to the low-carbon portfolio, increasing in recent years.
• Renewables (Solar/Wind/Bio) (approx. 5-10%): While wind and solar capacity is expanding, they currently hold a smaller share of the total, though solar adoption is rising.

Pakistan is advancing its green hydrogen sector to leverage its immense solar and wind potential, aiming to transition toward a low-carbon economy and reduce reliance on imported fuel. Major projects are emerging in Sindh and Port Qasim, with significant investments from firms like Pakistan Oxygen Limited and partnerships, such as Oracle Power’s initiative with Chinese firms, aimed at large-scale production for export and domestic industrial use.

Oman’s energy mix is currently dominated by natural gas, which powers nearly all of its electricity generation. However, the country is rapidly transitioning toward renewables to meet its Vision 2040 sustainability goals and diversify its economy away from hydrocarbon dependence.

As of early 2025, reports indicate that renewables have climbed to represent approximately 11.5% of Oman’s power mix.

• Natural Gas (~88-93%): The primary fuel for power plants and industrial use.
• Solar (~10%): The largest contributor to the renewable sector, driven by major projects like the Ibri II Solar IPP (500 MW).
• Oil (<2%): Used minimally for electricity, primarily in remote areas or as a backup fuel.
• Wind (<1%): Currently represented by a single large-scale wind farm in Dhofar (50 MW), though more are in the pipeline.

Major Growth Sectors

1. Green Hydrogen: Oman aims to become a global leader, targeting 1 million tonnes of green hydrogen production annually by 2030. The government established Hydrogen Oman (HYDROM) to manage this sector.
2. Solar Expansion: Multiple 1,000 MW Solar IPP projects are planned for 2029–2031 to dramatically scale capacity.
3. Waste-to-Energy: The 95 MW Barka Waste-to-Energy project is scheduled for 2031 to further diversify the mix.
4. Grid Modernization: The North-South Interconnect (400 kV) is being built to link regional systems into a unified national grid by late 2026, improving the stability of variable renewable energy. 

Oman is positioning itself as a global leader in the green hydrogen economy, with a target to produce 1 million tons (Mt) per year by 2030 and up to 8.5 Mt per year by 2050. As of February 2026, the country has awarded land to several multi-billion-dollar projects, primarily concentrated in the Duqm and Salalah regions, to leverage its abundant solar and wind resources.

Key Active Projects

While two original projects (led by BP and a Posco-Engie consortium) were recently dropped due to market reassessment in late 2025, seven major projects remain on track.

White hydrogen has been discovered in Oman.