São Tomé and Príncipe’s energy mix is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels, with approximately 90-95% of electricity generated from diesel generators. While the country aims to achieve 50% renewable energy by 2030, current renewable sources, primarily hydropower (e.g., Contador) and solar (Santo Amaro), are limited.

São Tomé and Príncipe is focusing on transitioning to a sustainable, climate-resilient energy system, with initiatives aimed at integrating renewable energy sources that could underpin future green hydrogen production. The country is working with international partners to develop renewable energy capacity and enhance energy efficiency, setting the stage for green technologies.

San Marino is almost entirely dependent on imported electricity (primarily from Italy) and fossil fuels, lacking significant internal power generation, with 0% domestic renewable electricity generation reported in recent, comprehensive data. The energy mix relies heavily on imported natural gas and oil, with, notably, 0% electricity production from fossil fuels, renewables, or nuclear reported as of 2022, highlighting reliance on external grids. The country is working toward sustainability through projects in solar, wind, and geothermal, aiming to reduce consumption and emissions.

San Marino is included in international discussions and surveys regarding the adoption of green hydrogen as a clean energy future, alongside other nations evaluating renewable-powered electrolysis for decarbonization. While not a major producer yet, it is listed among countries participating in global green hydrogen initiatives.

Samoa’s energy mix is transitioning from heavy diesel dependence toward renewables, with roughly 60%–70% of electricity currently generated from imported fossil fuels and 30%–40% from renewables (hydropower, solar, and biofuels). The country aims for 100% renewable electricity generation to reduce reliance on imported fuel.

Samoa is exploring green hydrogen as a potential long-term, sustainable energy solution to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels for electricity and transportation. While early studies indicate that hydrogen-based systems are not yet cost-competitive with Samoa’s current electricity prices, it remains a key focus for future renewable energy storage.

St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ energy mix is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels, which comprise approximately 81-87% of electricity generation, primarily via diesel. Renewables make up about 13-19% of the mix, featuring 5.6 MW of hydropower and growing solar PV, with a target to reach 60% renewable energy by 2030, driven by planned geothermal projects.

St. Vincent and the Grenadines is exploring green hydrogen as part of the Caribbean’s renewable energy transition, with initiatives aimed at leveraging geothermal and other resources for sustainability. While specific, large-scale projects are still emerging, the nation is positioned to explore hydrogen to enhance energy security, decarbonize, and foster economic growth.

As of February 2026, there is no information indicating that St. Vincent and the Grenadines is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Saint Lucia’s energy mix is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels, with over 97% to 99% of electricity generation derived from diesel, leaving the island vulnerable to high, volatile energy costs. While solar energy contributes a very small percentage (less than 1%) to the current mix, the country has ambitious plans to increase renewable energy to 40%–46% by 2030-2035, with a major focus on developing geothermal power.

Saint Lucia is actively developing green hydrogen to reduce its heavy reliance on imported diesel, aiming for a cleaner, more resilient energy grid. HDF Energy is developing the HYVOLUCIA project, a power plant designed to generate 58 GWh/year using solar and green hydrogen. Other initiatives, such as the MAGHIC project, are also exploring offshore wind-to-hydrogen production.

As of February 2026, there’s no information indicating that Saint Lucia is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

St. Kitts and Nevis is overwhelmingly dependent on imported fossil fuels, with diesel generators producing at least 94%–98% of the country’s electricity. Renewable energy, mainly solar and wind, contributes a small, growing, but still limited portion (approx. 4-5%) of the energy mix. The islands are actively transitioning toward renewable sources like geothermal, solar, and waste-to-energy.

St. Kitts & Nevis is actively positioning itself as a potential green hydrogen hub in the Caribbean, aiming to become a net exporter of renewable energy. The government is leveraging partnerships for geothermal, solar, and wind projects, with strong interest from the EU to source hydrogen from the region.

As of February 2026, there’s no information indicating that St Kitts & Nevis is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Rwanda’s energy mix is characterized by a heavy reliance on biomass for total energy consumption and a diverse, rapidly expanding electricity generation portfolio led by hydropower and methane gas.

Rwanda is actively pursuing a green hydrogen economy to diversify its renewable energy mix, focusing on utilizing its hydrological potential and increasing electricity access. The 2024 Electricity Law incentivizes 100% green hydrogen/ammonia projects with tax exemptions on electrolysis equipment, land fee reductions for up to nine years, and long-term power purchase agreements. The country is investing in feasibility studies for hydrogen technology, including a pilot 10MW hydrogen power project.

As of February 2026, there’s no information indicating that Rwanda is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis.

Russia’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which account for approximately 88% to 90% of its total primary energy consumption. Natural gas is the cornerstone of the Russian energy system, providing over half of the country’s total energy supply.

Russia aims to become a major global player in the hydrogen market, targeting up to 20% of global market share by leveraging its massive energy infrastructure, with a particular, though sometimes secondary, focus on green hydrogen alongside blue and nuclear-based production. While heavily investing in blue hydrogen (using natural gas with carbon capture), Russia is exploring green hydrogen using its vast hydro and nuclear power resources.

As of February 2026, there is no information indicating that Russia is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

White hydrogen: Gazprom has started extracting white hydrogen in East Siberia.

Romania maintains one of the most balanced energy mixes in the European Union, utilizing a diverse range of sources including renewables, nuclear, and fossil fuels. As of early 2025, approximately 61% of Romania’s electricity is generated from low-carbon sources.

Romania is accelerating its green hydrogen sector to meet 2030 decarbonization targets, with a national strategy aiming for 153,000 tons of annual production requiring over 2,100 MW of electrolyzers. Key initiatives include OMV Petrom’s 55 MW, 8,000-ton/year project at Petrobrazi and Hidroelectrica’s partnership with Verbund for green hydrogen production.

As of February 2026, there is no information indicating that Romania is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Qatar’s energy mix is almost entirely dominated by natural gas, which powers nearly all of its electricity generation and industrial activity. While the country is a global leader in fossil fuel production, it has recently begun a rapid expansion into solar energy to meet its National Vision 2030 sustainability goals.

Qatar is advancing green hydrogen through pilot projects like Shell’s HyPEC initiative, which produces hydrogen from wastewater and solar, supporting Qatar Vision 2030. While focusing on blue ammonia for the immediate future (1.2 million tons/year plant by 2026), the country is positioning itself for a long-term transition to green energy.

As of February 2026, there is no information indicating that Qatar is producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater.