Estonia has achieved a notable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions thanks mainly to lowering its reliance on electricity generation from domestic oil shale, an energy rich sedimentary rock. However, oil shale remains the main energy source and imported fossil fuels still plan a major role, especially in transport. Estonia’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. Estonia is aiming to accelerate its clean energy transition with a target to cover 100% of annual electricity demand with renewables by 2030 as part of a larger package to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Estonia is developing the world’s first nationwide “hydrogen valley” to produce, store, and utilize green hydrogen, aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2030. The initiative aims to move from 1 ton of hydrogen production in 2025 to 2,031 tons by 2028.

Eritrea’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biomass, which accounts for over 75% of the total energy supply, followed by imported oil. Electricity generation relies heavily on fossil fuels (~90% oil), with a growing, yet small, share of renewables, primarily solar and wind projects like the Assab Wind Farm.

Eritrea has the potential to develop a green hydrogen sector, driven by significant solar and coastal wind resources. Eritrea faces competition from more established African nations, such as Namibia and Egypt, which are moving faster toward large-scale production.

As of 2026 Eritrea is not producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Equatorial Guinea’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with natural gas accounting for approximately 82% of the total energy supply, followed by oil and a small percentage of biofuels. While oil production has declined, gas remains central to its energy sector, with electricity generation supported by both gas and hydropower.

Equatorial Guinea is exploring green hydrogen as part of its energy transition and diversification strategy, aiming to leverage its renewable potential alongside its oil and gas base. While specific, large-scale projects in Equatorial Guinea are not yet as publicly highlighted as those in other African nations, the continent’s overall potential for competitive green hydrogen production is high, driven by solar and wind resources.

El Salvador has a diversified electricity mix with a strong, growing reliance on renewable energy, which comprised over 60% of generation in 2024, including significant geothermal, hydro, solar, and biomass sources. Fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, make up roughly 32–40% of the mix, while the country heavily focuses on increasing solar capacity to reduce oil dependence. Solar capacity is projected to reach 500 MW and wind 200 MW by 2030.

The country is engaging in international technical cooperation to develop hydrogen and geothermal policies, aiming for decarbonization and energy independence. It is rapidly expanding its renewable energy capacity (solar, wind, and hydro) to power future green hydrogen production, with major projects like the Bósforo Solar Project, already in operation.

Egypt’s energy sector is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 88–89% of electricity generation in 2023–2024, with natural gas being the primary source (over 80%). The country is rapidly expanding renewable energy, primarily wind and solar (about 5% combined) and hydropower (7%), aiming for 42% renewable electricity by 2030 or 2035.

Egypt is rapidly establishing itself as a premier global hub for green hydrogen and ammonia production, leveraging its high solar/wind resources and strategic location in the Suez Canal Economic Zone. With over $40 billion in planned investments, the country aims for 8% of the global market by 2040, focusing on exporting green ammonia to Europe. Key projects are already in operation or development, such as the 100 MW Scatec facility.

In August 2025, Egypt announced its national low-carbon hydrogen strategy, targeting a production of 5.6 million tons per year by 2040.

In early 2026, Egypt saw major international, including French, partnerships for massive green hydrogen/ammonia production. Partnerships include Scatec (Norway), Siemens, and various European firms, with support from the European Bank and the IFC.

Ecuador’s energy sector is heavily reliant on hydropower, which accounted for roughly 70-79% of electricity generation in 2023-2024, supplemented by oil-fired thermal plants.

Ecuador is developing a national green hydrogen strategy aimed at leveraging its significant hydroelectric surplus to produce clean energy for local industry, transportation, and future export. The roadmap, supported by the IDB and German consultants, outlines a three-phase plan (2025-2030+) to decarbonize sectors like transportation.

East Timor (Timor-Leste) relies heavily on imported diesel for electricity, with 2022 data showing nearly all power generation came from fossil fuels. The country faces high energy costs and low per capita consumption, though electricity access has improved to over 90% in some areas. A major shift is underway, with construction of a 100-200 MW solar plant planned for 2026 to boost renewable energy.

The government aims for renewables to provide 50% of the energy mix by 2030, with a long-term goal of net-zero emissions by 2050. Studies have identified East Timor as having ideal conditions for green hydrogen production.

As of 2026 East Timor is not producing hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

The Dominican Republic’s energy sector is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels, with over 80% of electricity generated from oil, natural gas, and coal. While facing challenges with energy security and high costs, the country is actively transitioning toward renewables, aiming for 30% renewable energy penetration in the grid by 2030, with solar, wind, and hydro contributing to the mix.

The Dominican Republic is positioning itself as a regional leader in green hydrogen to decarbonize its energy sector, leveraging abundant wind and solar resources. Key initiatives include a proposed 350 MW project by EN.IT in La Romana, a $200M wastewater-to-hydrogen facility, and early industrial adoption, such as CEMEX’s hydrogen technology implementation.

The Dominican Republic envisions green hydrogen as a key driver in its transition to a sustainable and resilient energy future.

Dominica is aggressively transitioning from a reliance on imported fossil fuels (over 85% of generation as of 2023) to 100% renewable energy, aiming to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation by 2030. A key 10-MW geothermal plant is set to begin commissioning by late 2025, alongside existing hydropower, solar, and wind projects to reduce high energy costs.

Dominica is advancing the Caribbean’s first industrial-scale, geothermal-powered green hydrogen project through a partnership between the government, Dominica Geothermal Development Company (DGDC), and Kenesjay Green Dominica Limited (KGDL). This initiative leverages the island’s estimated 1GW+ geothermal potential to produce hydrogen and ammonia for both local use and export.

Djibouti’s energy mix is rapidly transitioning from heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels toward renewable energy, with roughly 80% of electricity now sourced from clean energy, primarily hydroelectricity imported from Ethiopia. The remaining domestic generation relies on diesel, while ongoing projects in wind, solar, and geothermal aim for 100% renewable energy by 2035.

The country’s most important economic asset is its strategic location, connecting the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. As such, Djibouti’s economy is commanded by the services sector, providing services as both a transit port for the region and as an international transshipment and refueling center. Accordingly, Djibouti aims to position for the future to supply hydrogen fuel to the numerous ships passing through the Bab El Mandeb Strait.

As of 2026 Djibouti has not yet crystalized its goal of producing green hydrogen, but it may do so in the near future.