France’s energy mix is heavily dominated by nuclear power, which provides roughly 65-69% of its electricity generation as of 2024-2025, making it one of the lowest-carbon intensity grids in Europe. When considering all energy (not just electricity), nuclear provides 44%, followed by oil (27%) and gas (12%).

France is heavily investing to become a global leader in green hydrogen by 2030, supported by a €7 billion national strategy aimed at developing a 4.5 GW to 6.5 GW electrolysis industry to decarbonize heavy industry and transport. Key initiatives include major industrial projects like Normand High, strict 2030 transport mandates (1.5% renewable hydrogen), and exploring natural “white” hydrogen reserves. Significant deposits of naturally occurring “white hydrogen” were discovered in Lorraine, France, in 2023–2025 by researchers from France’s National Centre of Scientific Research and La Française de l’Energie. Estimated between 6 million and 250 million metric tons, this potentially massive find could significantly boost France’s energy independence and provide a low-cost, clean energy source.

The 2025 updated strategy aims for 4.5 GW to 6.5 GW of electrolyzer capacity by 2030, focusing on producing hydrogen through electrolysis powered by renewable energy. A €7 billion investment, partially funded through 2025 updates, supports gigafactories for electrolyzers and infrastructure development, including the BarMar pipeline connecting to Spain.

Finland’s energy mix has undergone a rapid transformation, reaching 95% fossil-free electricity production in 2024. This shift is anchored by the expansion of nuclear power and a surge in wind energy, positioning Finland as a leader in the European energy transition. Nuclear power remains the largest source following the 2023 launch of the Olkiluoto 3 reactor.

Finland is rapidly emerging as a European powerhouse for green hydrogen, aiming to produce 10% of the EU’s total by 2030. The country relies on its large-scale renewable energy potential, specifically wind power, with over 8 GW in capacity and 72 GW onshore/69 GW offshore planned. Gasgrid Finland is developing the Nordic-Baltic Hydrogen Corridor, connecting Finland to Central Europe to facilitate exports. Finland is actively establishing itself as a, if not the, “hydrogen valley” of the north, leveraging its strategic, clean energy infrastructure for both domestic use and export to Europe. Finland had the second-lowest electricity prices in the EU in 2022-2023.

Fiji, a country in the South Pacific, is an archipelago of more than 300 islands.

Fiji’s energy mix is currently driven by a high share of renewable energy, primarily hydropower, alongside a significant reliance on imported fossil fuels (diesel and heavy fuel oil). While roughly 55-60% of electricity is generated from renewable sources like hydro, biomass, and wind, the remaining ~40% comes from fossil fuels. The nation aims to transition to 100% renewable power generation by 2030.

Fiji is actively developing a green hydrogen economy to reach 100% renewable energy by 2036, driven by climate urgency and the need to reduce fossil fuel imports. Key initiatives include importing green hydrogen from New Zealand for pilot projects (launched in 2025) and investigating solar/wind-powered hydrogen production for transportation.

As of 2026 there is no information indicating that Fiji is producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa, is a rugged, landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Ethiopia’s energy mix is dominated by bioenergy, primarily used by the residential sector. Oil, which is all imported, is the second largest fuel in energy supply and is mainly used in the industry and transport sectors. Ethiopia has the second largest hydro potential in Africa, estimated at up to 45 000 MW.

Ethiopia currently has an installed capacity of 4,965MW, expected to double with the commissioning of the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam at 6,450MW. The government of Ethiopia has made commitments to a new strategy to continue to improve its hydroelectric infrastructure by constructing 16 hydroelectric dams and 24 wind-generating projects within the next 20 years.

The first Siemens Gamesa Assela 100MW wind farm began in 2021 in the Iteya, Oromia region 150Km south of Adis Ababa. With Support from IFC and The World Bank, Ethiopia also intents to scale its solar initiatives in the country. They have also begun tapping into the country’s geothermal resources at TuluMoye, Aluto Langhano and Corbetti through PPPs, and look to develop 17 geothermal projects further down the line.

Ethiopia aims to have an installed capacity of 35,000 MW by 2037.

The eastern parts of Ethiopia have been deemed viable to host green hydrogen projects, and we are currently carrying out detailed studies on the country’s need for energy from green hydrogen and how to replace fossil fuels.

As of 2026, Ethiopia is not producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Eswatini, formally the Kingdom of Eswatini, also known by its former official names Swaziland and the Kingdom of Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by South Africa on all sides except the northeast, where it shares a border with Mozambique.

Eswatini’s energy mix relies heavily on imported electricity—primarily from South Africa (Eskom)—which accounts for over 60–80% of supply. Domestically, electricity is generated through a mix of hydropower (approx. 51%), biomass/waste (41%), and solar. The nation is actively working to reduce this dependency, targeting 100% self-sufficiency by 2034 through increased renewable, biomass, and potential nuclear energy.

Plans exist for an eco-industrial park focusing on the production of green hydrogen, biodiesel, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Eswatini is part of the broader Southern African efforts to develop green hydrogen, aiming for sustainable development and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. Eswatini is also actively engaging in the feasibility and planning stages of a sustainable, localized green hydrogen ecosystem.

As of 2026, Eswatini is not producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Estonia has achieved a notable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions thanks mainly to lowering its reliance on electricity generation from domestic oil shale, an energy rich sedimentary rock. However, oil shale remains the main energy source and imported fossil fuels still plan a major role, especially in transport. Estonia’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. Estonia is aiming to accelerate its clean energy transition with a target to cover 100% of annual electricity demand with renewables by 2030 as part of a larger package to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Estonia is developing the world’s first nationwide “hydrogen valley” to produce, store, and utilize green hydrogen, aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2030. The initiative aims to move from 1 ton of hydrogen production in 2025 to 2,031 tons by 2028.

Eritrea’s energy mix is dominated by traditional biomass, which accounts for over 75% of the total energy supply, followed by imported oil. Electricity generation relies heavily on fossil fuels (~90% oil), with a growing, yet small, share of renewables, primarily solar and wind projects like the Assab Wind Farm.

Eritrea has the potential to develop a green hydrogen sector, driven by significant solar and coastal wind resources. Eritrea faces competition from more established African nations, such as Namibia and Egypt, which are moving faster toward large-scale production.

As of 2026 Eritrea is not producing green hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater.

Equatorial Guinea’s energy mix is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, with natural gas accounting for approximately 82% of the total energy supply, followed by oil and a small percentage of biofuels. While oil production has declined, gas remains central to its energy sector, with electricity generation supported by both gas and hydropower.

Equatorial Guinea is exploring green hydrogen as part of its energy transition and diversification strategy, aiming to leverage its renewable potential alongside its oil and gas base. While specific, large-scale projects in Equatorial Guinea are not yet as publicly highlighted as those in other African nations, the continent’s overall potential for competitive green hydrogen production is high, driven by solar and wind resources.

El Salvador has a diversified electricity mix with a strong, growing reliance on renewable energy, which comprised over 60% of generation in 2024, including significant geothermal, hydro, solar, and biomass sources. Fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, make up roughly 32–40% of the mix, while the country heavily focuses on increasing solar capacity to reduce oil dependence. Solar capacity is projected to reach 500 MW and wind 200 MW by 2030.

The country is engaging in international technical cooperation to develop hydrogen and geothermal policies, aiming for decarbonization and energy independence. It is rapidly expanding its renewable energy capacity (solar, wind, and hydro) to power future green hydrogen production, with major projects like the Bósforo Solar Project, already in operation.

Egypt’s energy sector is heavily dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 88–89% of electricity generation in 2023–2024, with natural gas being the primary source (over 80%). The country is rapidly expanding renewable energy, primarily wind and solar (about 5% combined) and hydropower (7%), aiming for 42% renewable electricity by 2030 or 2035.

Egypt is rapidly establishing itself as a premier global hub for green hydrogen and ammonia production, leveraging its high solar/wind resources and strategic location in the Suez Canal Economic Zone. With over $40 billion in planned investments, the country aims for 8% of the global market by 2040, focusing on exporting green ammonia to Europe. Key projects are already in operation or development, such as the 100 MW Scatec facility.

In August 2025, Egypt announced its national low-carbon hydrogen strategy, targeting a production of 5.6 million tons per year by 2040.

In early 2026, Egypt saw major international, including French, partnerships for massive green hydrogen/ammonia production. Partnerships include Scatec (Norway), Siemens, and various European firms, with support from the European Bank and the IFC.